<p>Panizos is a Late Miocene era caldera in the Santa Cruz department of Bolivia and the Jujuy Province of Argentina. It is part of the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex of the Central Volcanic Zone in the Andes. 50 volcanoes active in recent times are found in the Central Volcanic Zone, and several major caldera complexes are situated in the area. The caldera is located in a logistically difficult area of the Andes.</p><br>
<p>Panizos and the majority of these volcanoes are formed by the subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate under the continental South American continental lithosphere. The caldera is located east of the main arc and is supplied chiefly by dacite magmas. Beneath Panizos lie Tertiary ignimbrites and a Paleozoic sedimentary basement.</p><br>
<p>The huge Panizos ignimbrite erupted by Cerro Panizos has a minimum volume of 950 km3. It erupted during an event 6.71 ± 0.04 mya and was preceded by another ignimbrite 7.9 mya ago. The last activity is a lava flow 6.1 mya ago.</p><br>
<p>The caldera is hidden beneath a shield with a diameter of 40 km and some of its central summits are over 5,000 m high. It has been referred to as an "ignimbrite shield".</p><br>
<h2>Geography and structure</h2><br>
<p>The centre is located on the border between Argentina and Bolivia. It is a shield constructed from ignimbrites. Research in this region of the Andes is made difficult by physical and logistics issues. Cerro Guacha and La Pacana are among the few systems that were the subject of research. The Panizos ignimbrite is well exposed with little modification.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Panizos is part of the Central Volcanic Zone (CVZ) of the Andes, a belt of recent volcanism that runs from southern Peru into Chile and Argentina. 50 volcanoes in the belt have been identified as active in recent times. A major ignimbrite province called the Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex is associated with the area between 21° and 24° degrees southern latitude since 23 million years ago. Cerro Guacha, La Pacana and Pastos Grandes are calderas within this province which covers a surface of 50,000 km3, with geothermal manifestations in El Tatio and Sol de Manana being the latest manifestations of volcanism in the area.</p><br>
<p>A group of lava domes with a diameter of 10 - of dacitic composition forms the centre of the complex, with the domes having formed either during one single eruption or several. These domes form a ring structure with thin lava cover in its centre, which may be the rim of a collapse caldera formed in the later stages of the main Panizos eruption and filled by later eruption stages, as suggested by the outward dip of the lower unit of the Panizos Ignimbrite. This caldera has a diameter of 15 km. The centre is surrounded a shield with a diameter of 40 km. It is constructed from ignimbrites with a slope of 1–3°. Three lava platforms with the names Cerro Chinchinjaran, Cerro Tucunquis and Cerro Anta Quevas are present. The first and the last are part of a dacitic flowfield that includes a 10 km long lava flow on its northern sector with some resemblance to pahoehoe lava. A pre-caldera lava structure in the south of the complex is known as Cerro Limitayoc, but it erupted lavas even after the Panizos ignimbrite was erupted. A depression is located just south of the lava dome group and may be a downsag caldera, likewise infilled by activity. The Panizos complex covers an area of 7,000 km&sup2; and has a total volume of 2,520 km3. The structure of the Panizos complex has been called an "ignimbrite shield". The central summits Limitayoc, Panizos, La Ramada and Vicuñahuasi are over 5,000 m high.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The volcanism in the area is triggered by the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South America plate; magmas formed from the subduction process trigger the melting of the crust. The large calderas are located east of the main volcanic arc of the Central Volcanic Zone, Panizos being 150 km east of the main arc. Volcanism in the area is heavily dominated by calderic silicic volcanics with volumes of 6,000 km3 contrasting to less than 1,000 km3 andesites.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is part of the so-called Tin belt, a territory in the Andes where large tin mineral deposits are found in granitic and extrusive rocks, formed from sulfidation reactions involving the numerous volcanoes in the area. Magmas in the territory are derived from crystal fractionation and were heavily modified by interactions with the crust that reaches a thickness of 70 km beneath the Central Volcanic Zone.</p><br>
<p>Research by S. L. de Silva indicates that before 10 mya volcanic activity already existed north of 20°30&#39; in form of the Oxaya and Altos de Pica ignimbrites. Changes in the subduction activity 12-10 mya caused a shortening and thickening of the crust in the central Andes and the formation of melt zones in the deeper crust, associated with the Quechua phase of Andean orogeny. Since 10.6 mya these rose to the surface, forming magma chambers and calderas. The eruptions of the Panizos ignimbrites coincide with major pulses in APVC activity.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>The basement beneath Panizos is formed from two formations, Acoite and Peña Colorada. The former is a sedimentary layer, formed during arc development in the Paleozoic. The latter is Tertiary volcanic in origin, containing breccia, debris flow material, ignimbrites, lava flows and sandstone. The basement dips westward. Based on neodymium isotope ratios, some of the basement rocks are about one billion years old.</p><br>
<p>The volcano is part of a group with other volcanoes of the Lipez region. In this region, arc and back-arc volcanism occur in the same area and have generated some of the largest calderas in the world. These include Cerro Guacha, Pastos Grandes and Vilama. A meridional lineament of volcanoes including Limitayoc and Salle extends from the southern and western margin of the central lava domes to Cerro Pululu in the south. Another lineament may form the eastern rim of the lava dome complex. Other centres in the south are the Rose, Salle and West Zapaleri ignimbrites as well as the dacites of Cerro Bayo, all erupted 8.9–5.1 mya from the Vilama caldera.</p><br>
<h3>Geologic record</h3><br>
<p>According to Turner (1978), the ignimbrites are part of the Lipiyoc formation and the lava dome structures of the Vicuñahuasi formation. The Panizos eruption products display strong local variations, with features at different depths and different distances from the central dome complex being very dissimilar.</p><br>
<p>The Cerro Corutu centre southwest of Panizos was active in the Miocene, forming an ignimbrite layer, whose exposure in the Quebrada Queñoal valley is 40 m thick. It contains biotite, orthopyroxene, plagioclase and smaller amounts of quartz. Another tuff is found in Quebrada Cusi Cusi. Above these lies an eastward sloping layer of volcaniclastic material. The area covered by the Panizos products had been subject to earlier eruptive activity from unknown centres between 15.4–13.4 mya, generating tuffs recognized in the San Pablo de Lípez region as outcrops.</p><br>
<p>Changes in the subduction geometry since the late Miocene have caused volcanism to diminish from east to west, including cessation of activity at the Panizos centre. Uturuncu volcano was last active 271,000 years ago and the Cerro Chascon-Runtu Jarita complex 85,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>With the exception of some andesitic products, mostly lava flows, dacite is the main component of Panizos eruptive products. The rock matrix and clasts in the rock have similar minerals. Plagioclase is the main component of the lower cooling unit. Vesicles are rare in the Panizos ignimbrite, forming no more than 25%. Calling it "densely welded" is difficult at percentages of more than 10%. Pumice is also found, chemically it contains biotite, plagioclase, quartz and some orthopyroxene. In the lower units, tonalite and ilmenite are also found. The Cienago and Cusi Cusi ignimbrites both contain biotite, quartz, plagioclase and Cusi Cusi also sanidine.</p><br>
<p>The ignimbrites of Panizos are alumina- and potassium-rich and contain 61–66% SiO2. The Cienago ignimbrite has by one study the largest amount of SiO2 of all magmas of Panizos, whereas another indicates that the Cusi Cusi ignimbrite has the highest with 69%. The Cienago ignimbrites would have 63–65% and the Panizos ones 61–66%. Isotope analysis indicates high / ratios and high / and / ratios. These are associated with arc volcanism, unlike the much lower ratios found at Galan which are typical for intraplate volcanism. Along with the neodymium isotope ratios this suggests that Panizos magmas have a strong crustal component. Lead isotope ratios are comparable with these of Galan and La Pacana and are linked to the domain of the crust they are constructed on.</p><br>
<p>There are some compositional variations in various stages of volcanism at Cerro Panizos. The Cienago ignimbrite is a highly evolved magma. Magmas from the Panizos ignimbrite display only weak variations that may be linked to temperature differences in the magma chamber. The magmas of the Panizos ignimbrite underwent strong crystallization between eruptions and crystals are often heavily modified. The formation of all magmas was initiated by the interaction of mafic mantle melts with the crust. The mantle component is up to 50% of the main Panizos ignimbrite.</p><br>
<p>A notable feature of Cerro Panizos is the presence of so-called orbs, which are rocks with concentric layers of igneous material surrounding them. They are known from plutonic rocks, but orbs in erupted magmas are only known from Akagi volcano, Japan. In Panizos they are found in the upper part of the lower cooling unit of the Cerro Panizos ignimbrite and are associated with pumice and megacrysts in the surrounding rock. Buried within the ignimbrites and lavas, some orbs contain layers of biotite, bronzite, ilmenite and plagioclase around a centimetre-sized xenolith or orthopyroxene core. The layering is not disturbed by irregular shapes of the cores. These orbs most likely formed from material crystallizing around pre-existent cores during rapid changes in magma temperature that occurred shortly before the end of the first phase of the Cerro Panizos eruption through changes in magma water content. Opening of ring vents then delivered the orb-containing magma to the surface.</p><br>
<h2>Climate and hydrography</h2><br>
<p>Panizos has an arid climate, although some stream erosion is visible. Some stream valleys are known, clockwise from northeast, as Quebrada Buenos Aires, Quebrada Cienago, Quebrada Paicone Quebrada Pupusayo, Quebrada Cusi Cusi, Quebrada Cuevas and Quebrada Garcia. The dissection is particularly pronounced on the Argentine side of the complex.</p><br>
<p>Oxygen isotopic analysis of magmas from other APVC centres support the notion that the area of the APVC has been subject to arid climate for the duration of its active phase.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>Two ignimbrite eruptions have taken place in Panizos. A number of lava flows also formed. Volcanic activity took place in the Late Miocene. The main Cerro Panizos ignimbrite lies on top three older ignimbrite layers. Potassium-argon dating has yielded ages of 9.7 ± 0.4, 8.49 ± 0.2 and 9.4 mya. Dates often differ between newly established and old established dates, presumably due to xenolith contamination.</p><br>
<p>The Cusi Cusi tuff is 12.4 mya old or more than 10 million years old and has been associated with the Panizos centre. The first recorded ignimbrite in the area is named Quebrada Cienago ignimbrite after the valley where it is exposed. It contains biotite quartz dacite and is formed from four units, two ashfall deposits and two ignimbrite flows. Some of these have undergone reworking. It was emplaced 7.9 mya. After the emplacement of the Cienago ignimbrite, eruption of dacite lava flows continued.</p><br>
<p>Erupted 6.71 ± 0.04 mya, the Panizos ignimbrite proper is a complex structure with several cooling units and an interlayered pyroclastic deposit, which contains pumice, sandstone boulders up to two metres thick and has carved channels into the lower unit. At the edge of the plateau the upper and lower cooling units are 0 - and 160 m thick. In the plateau centre, the lower unit is completely hidden beneath the now more than 100 m thick upper unit. The lower unit begins with one metre of lapilli and above it thick ignimbrite layers that become increasingly non-welded farther up with vapour phase components appearing. There was no prior Plinian fallout. Orbs and two differently coloured pumices are located in the upper section of the lower unit, with some xenoliths. The upper cooling unit contains two types of pumice, one strongly welded and the other weakly so, and is much richer in lithic fragments. The upper unit was erupted in several discrete flows from the central complex. Some pumice fall layers are embedded in the upper unit.</p><br>
<p>Based on the structure, the main Panizos ignimbrite was probably erupted in a steady eruption at first, from either one vent or several smaller ones in close association. Either a column collapse or a change in vent geometries triggered a temporary pause which separates the upper and lower cooling units. After a short timespan, the eruption restarted, this time through several eruption flows and a more unsteady regimen with a lower flow rate. Based on welding patterns, the eruption commenced in the southern sector later covered by lava domes and migrated northward. Calculations indicate that the main Panizos ignimbrite has minimum volumina of 950 km3 outside of the calderas and 652 km3 dense rock equivalent. This ignimbrite flow was of comparatively low fluidity, likely due to its high crystal content. The amount of vesicles present in the lower cooling unit is inferior to 20% of volume.</p><br>
<p>Above the Panizos ignimbrite, a lava flow platform and a set of lava domes were emplaced. A last manifestation is the Cerro La Ramada lava flow, with an age of 6.1 mya. A tephra layer found in the Coastal Cordillera and dated 6.66 ± 0.13 mya may also be linked to the Panizos complex. The much younger (1.9±0.2–1.7±0.5 mya) Laguna Colorada ignimbrite is sometimes called Panizos, generating confusion.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Grout House is a historic house on Western Avenue at Bonnyvale Road in West Brattleboro, Vermont. Built in about 1880 for a widely-traveled minister, it is a well-preserved and somewhat late example of Gothic Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Grout House stands at the northwest corner of Bonnyvale Road and Western Avenue (Vermont Route 9), on a generous lot in the village of West Brattleboro. It is a 1-3/4 story wood frame structure, with a steeply pitched cross-gable roof that shelters a full second floor and a smaller attic. The front facade, facing Western Avenue, is five bays wide on the ground floor, three on the second, and one on the third. A single-story porch extends across the center three bays, supported by cruciform posts, and sporting stickwork balustrades at the ground floor and around the roof. Windows on the upper levels have elongated pyramidal hood decorations, roughly matching in angle the roof pitch. There is Stick style decorate woodwork at the gable peaks.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1880 for Rev. Lewis Grout (1815-1905), a Yale graduate and missionary Congregationalist minister who spent 15 years at a remote missionary station in the Zulu country of South Africa. On his return to the US he wrote Zulu-Land: Or, Life Among the Zulu-Kafirs of Natal, South Africa (London: Trübner, 1864). The house&#39;s architecture appears to be influenced to some degree by British colonial architecture of that period, and is extremely unusual in Vermont, where there are only a limited number of Gothic Revival houses to be found.</p><br>
<p>The North Branch Historic District is a historic district located in North Branch, Somerset County, New Jersey. It is on the western side of the North Branch of the Raritan River in Branchburg Township. The district reflects the 18th and 19th century architecture of this agricultural community, once built around a mill on the North Branch. A main feature is the stone house of Jacob Ten Eyck, with its Georgian influences. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 16, 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Jacob Ten Eyck house</h2><br>
<p>In 1700, Matthias Ten Eyck (1658–1741), a farmer from Old Hurley, Ulster County, New York and son of Coenradt Ten Eyck, purchased 400 acres north of North Branch from John Johnston, and another 100 acres in 1702. In 1721, Matthias sold this property to his son Jacob Ten Eyck (1693–1753). Jacob settled here and built a -story stone house between 1725 and 1733. His first son Jacob Ten Eyck (1733–1794) inherited the house and later, in 1792, built a second story onto it.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Pine Bluff Commercial Historic District encompasses a portion of the historic city center of Pine Bluff, Arkansas. It extends from Barraque Street south along Main Street, extending at times to properties alongside streets. The area&#39;s commercial development began about 1840, when the courthouse square was laid out at Barraque and Main, and proceeded through the early 20th century. Most of the commercial properties of the district were built between 1880 and 1910, and are reflective architecturally of late 19th-century commercial building styles.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. Properties previously listed on the Register and included in the district are the Merchants and Planters Bank Building, Union Station, the Community Theatre, the Masonic Temple, and the Hotel Pines.</p><br>
<p>The Hemingway House is a historic house at 1720 Arch Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with complex massing and exterior typical of the Queen Anne period. A projecting bay on the left has a distinctive array of arched windows on the first floor, and a projecting trio of sash windows set in a bracket-supported surround, with a Palladian window in the gable above. The house colors were selected with the assistance of "Dr. Color," Bob Buckter, noted San Francisco color consultant, earning it a place in the 1994 book, Americas Painted Ladies: The Ultimate Celebration of Our Victorians." The porch has delicate turned posts, in a distinctive tapered shape with flared bases and knobs at the top. The house was designed by the noted Arkansas architect Charles L. Thompson and construction was completed in 1894. The Hemingway House is one of the oldest examples of Thompsons work that is still standing.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the house sits was purchased in 1890 by Wilson E. Hemingway, then serving as a Justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court, and his wife Helen. Judge Hemingway resigned from the Court in 1893 and entered private practice with Uriah M. Rose and, his son, George B. Rose, forming what was then called Rose, Hemingway and Rose. Today, it is the Rose Law Firm. Judge Hemingway remained a partner in the firm until his death in 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Hemingway House was sold in the 1920s, falling into disrepair as a boarding house. Its deterioration was halted in 1982, when it was purchased by Mr. Charles Hogan, who meticulously restored the carriage house and the exterior of the main residence, with the help of Witsell, Evans & Rasco, Architects. Work continued on the interior of the house when it was purchased by Scott and Sharon Mosley in 1986. The couple completed the interior restoration and landscaping, living in the residence until 2010. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Eighth Maine Regiment Memorial, now the 8th Maine Lodge, is a historic summer fraternal meeting house at 13 Eighth Maine Avenue on Peaks Island, an island neighborhood of Portland, Maine. Built in 1891 as a reunion site for veterans of the American Civil War 8th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, it is a fine example of Shingle style architecture, and an important work of the local architectural firm of Fasset and Tompson. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, and presently operates as a summer lodge and museum, with rooms rented to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Eighth Maine Memorial is located on the south coast of Peaks Island, a large island at the southeastern edge of Casco Bay east of downtown Portland. It is a large two-story rectangular structure, with a gabled roof whose sides are punctuated by large cross gables. The main roof extends down to the first floor, where it transitions into the roof of a porch that wraps around the entire structure. The walls are finished in a combination of clapboards, wooden and vinyl shingles, and asphalt shingles. The building rests on a fieldstone foundation that slopes down toward the shore, exposing part of the basement. At one corner an octagonal three-story tower rises. The building interior is organized with public spaces on the ground floor, kitchen and service facilities in the basement, and living quarters on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was erected in 1891 for the use of the 8th Maine Regiment Association, a fraternal society of American Civil War veterans who had served in the 8th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Its construction was funded in large part by Colonel William M. McArthur, who won $70,000 in a lottery run by Confederate Army General P.G.T. Beauregard to raise funds for the reconstruction of Louisiana after the war. The building was designed by the Portland firm of Fasset and Tompson, a prolific team who had also designed the nearby Fifth Maine Regiment Hall. The hall was used for annual reunions until 1936, the last year one of the original veterans attended. The building continues to be owned by the association, and continues to be used by the descendants of the 8th&#39;s members. Rooms are rented to the public on a space-available basis.</p><br>
<p>The Dexter Grist Mill, now the Dexter Historical Society Museum, is a historic 19th-century industrial property in Dexter, Maine. Built in 1854, the mill was operated by a single family for over a century, and was converted to a museum in 1967. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dexter Grist Mill is located in Dexters village center, adjacent to a central parking lot located behind commercial buildings fronting on Main and Spring Streets. The mill complex includes two buildings, the main mill and the millers house. The mill is a wood frame structure measuring about 30 x, its main section two stories in height, with variety of additions. Its exterior is finished in a combination of wooden shingles and clapboards, and it rests on a foundation of piers, some brick and some stone. Its main entrance is on the north side, where a porch shelters double doors. The interior retains early 20th-century machinery, although the main water wheel that provided their power has been removed. The mill was built in 1854, although it is set on a site that had been used for milling since the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The miller&#39;s house stands just south of the mill. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame Cape style structure, five bays wide, with a central chimney and clapboard and shingle siding. Built in 1838, it has Greek Revival style, with the entrance framed by sidelights and pilasters, with an entablatured lintel above.</p><br>
<p>The first mill in Dexter was started about 1801 by Samuel Elkins, at a point north of this mills location, on the shore of Lake Wassookeag, which provided its power. The mill property was purchased in 1817 by Jonathan Farrar, who enlarged that mills lumber capacity, and established a new grist mill at the present site. To provide power, he dug a mill pond and canal. In 1854 Farrar built the present gristmill on the site, in partnership with a man named Cutler. Farrar and Cutler hired James Quimby Maxwell to run the mill, and it is Maxwell&#39;s descendants who eventually bought the mill, and continued to operate and update it until its final closure in 1966. It was then acquired by the town, and deed to the local historical society for use as a museum. The mill is one of a few surviving mid-19th-century mills in the state.</p><br>
<p>Mountfortescue Hillfort is a National Monument consisting of a hillfort with tumuli located in County Meath, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Mountfortescue Hillfort is located about 5 km north of Slane Castle and overlooks the Delvin River, a Boyne tributary.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>A hillfort is a circular area surrounding a hilltop tumulus (barrow mound), defined by an earthen bank with an external ditch. According to the University of Oxford, The Ordnance Survey records a circular enclosure (about 180 yards in diameter) with a mound at the Mountfortescue site. The archaeological monument consists of Mountfortescue Ringditch, Tumulus & Hillfort. The barrow cemetery at Slieve Breagh and excavation of a Neolithic settlement suggest the area had been a scene of activity throughout prehistory.</p><br>
<p>Hedge Block, also known as Johnson-Rasmussen Building, is a historic commercial building located in the central business district of Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. It was included as a contributing property in the West Jefferson Street Historic District in 1991 and in the Downtown Commercial Historic District in 2015.</p><br>
<p>The brick commercial building was constructed in 1880 in the Late Victorian Gothic Revival style. It is a three-story structure with a limestone facade on Jefferson Street, brick along Fourth Street, and a chamfered corner that joins the two elevations. The Jefferson street facade is livelier with short towers, pilasters between the widows, and Gothic arched hoods over tall, narrow windows. The Fourth Street facade is flatter, with wider windows and stone used for the keystones, hood molds, imposts, window sills, small columns and belt courses. The building was built as an investment by local businessmen Thomas Hedge, Sr., E.H. Carpenter, John M. Gregg and Wesley Bonar. They hired Burlington architect Charles A. Dunham to design the building. Three of the men who built the building owned one of three 20 ft frontages and one owned the 27 ft corner frontage. A variety of businesses occupied the building over the years, with the Orchard City Business College, later called Elliott&#39;s Business College, occupying the second and third floors of the corner section for a time.</p><br>
<p>The West Jefferson Street Historic District is five commercial blocks on the west side of downtown Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. In 2015 the area was included in the Downtown Commercial Historic District. West Jefferson Street was the main thoroughfare in the late 19th century and early 20th century through the Hawkeye Creek Valley. It led from the central business district along the Mississippi River to the Agency Road that headed westward out of town. The historic district is mostly made up of commercial buildings that range from single story structures to four story brick buildings, many of which have stone and terra cotta details. There is also a single frame building. A significant number of the structures are Italianate in style. The historic combined Fire and Police Station is also part of the district. At the time of its nomination there were 63 buildings in the district, of which 49 were contributing properties.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Historic Presbyterian Community Center, formerly the First Presbyterian Church, is a former church building in the city of Madison, in the northeastern part of the state of Nebraska, in the Midwestern United States.</p><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1914 to serve a Presbyterian congregation. It remained in service until 2007, when the dwindling of the congregation made it impossible to continue supporting the building as a church. It was then acquired by a local nonprofit organization, which uses it for concerts, plays, art exhibits, and other community events; it is also used for events such as weddings and funerals.</p><br>
<p>The building was designed in a Romanesque Revival architectural style. Its interior was configured according to the Akron plan, a scheme for laying out Sunday-school rooms that was in widespread use through much of the final third of the 19th century. Because of its exterior and interior design, it was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, under the name First United Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Barnes settlement</h3><br>
<p>The first white settlers to occupy the Madison area were a party led by Henry Mitchell Barnes. Attracted by news that fertile prairie land was available in the Nebraska Territory, Barnes left his home in Poughkeepsie, New York; with his sons William J. Barnes and Frank W. Barnes, and his nephew Peter J. Barnes, he traveled by rail to Columbus, Nebraska in 1866. In December of that year, they investigated the area lying between Columbus and the Elkhorn River before returning to Columbus for the rest of the winter.</p><br>
<p>In May 1867, the Barnes party returned north with a herd of cattle and two wagons, whose cargo included building materials for a frame house, and settled near the junction of Union and Taylor Creeks. Henry, William, and Frank Barnes each claimed a quarter-section (160 acres, or 160 acre). They built a log bridge across Union Creek, and Henry Barnes built himself a frame house, using the material that they had brought north from Columbus. During the remainder of 1867, several additional families located in and near the Union Creek settlement.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the Barnes party settled on the site, Presbyterian services were held in Henry Barness and other settlers houses. In 1869, a trio of Iowa presbyteries appointed Rev. Sheldon Jackson superintendent of missions for Iowa, Nebraska, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and Utah; in 1870, Jackson, accompanied by Rev. J. M. Wilson of Columbus, visited Madison to organize the congregation. Services were held in Madison&#39;s schoolhouse, built earlier in 1870.</p><br>
<h3>1870–1900</h3><br>
<p>The Union Creek settlement continued to grow. In 1870 or 1871, the town of Madison was platted on Frank Barnes&#39;s land. Soon thereafter, the Presbyterian congregation decided to build a church. Lumber for construction was hauled some 35 mi from Columbus by ox-drawn wagons; the new church was dedicated in May 1872.</p><br>
<p>The church was the site of Madisons first fair, held in September 1873 and attended by 50&ndash;60 people. In 1876, it acquired Madison Countys first church bell, donated by Henry Barnes.</p><br>
<p>In September 1881, the church was destroyed by a tornado. After the storm, the churchs bell was recovered from a building across the street. Only the churchs west wall survived; on it, an American flag that had been hung for a memorial service for the recently deceased James Garfield remained undamaged. Rather than rebuilding on the site, the congregation sold the land and used the proceeds to build at a new location. The new church, dedicated in 1882, cost $2,000.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, a bell tower was added to the church, and the building was rededicated. In 1897 or 1898, the congregation, which had up to that time been supported by funds from the national Board of Home Missions, elected to become self-supporting. As part of this, the congregation determined to raise $900 for the pastor&#39;s salary.</p><br>
<h3>1914 church</h3><br>
<p>By 1910, Madisons population exceeded 1,700. In about 1912, it was decided that a new Presbyterian church should be built. The 1882 church was torn down and its material salvaged: some was incorporated into the new church, and some used to build houses in eastern Madison. The new churchs cornerstone was laid on November 18, 1913; while it was under construction, services were held in the lodge hall on the second floor of Hein&#39;s Opera House. Built at a cost of $26,000, the new church was dedicated on June 14, 1914, with a capacity of 200 people in the sanctuary, which could be expanded to 350 by opening the adjoining Sunday-school rooms.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 20th century, the church&#39;s membership decreased significantly. The last regular pastor died in 1986, and was succeeded by a series of stated supplies. By 2007, the congregation had declined to nine members, four of them living in nursing homes; they concluded that they could no longer afford to maintain the church building, and held the final service in May 2007.</p><br>
<p>To preserve the building, a group of Madisonites incorporated as Preservation Madison, Inc. They obtained non-profit status and secured title to the church. To maintain it and to bring it into compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act, they raised funds from private donations and from the city&#39;s Economic Development Fund. The group operates the church as the Historic Presbyterian Community Center, using it as a venue for weddings and funerals, and for community events such as concerts, plays, and art exhibits.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Madison church was designed according to the Akron Plan, an architectural scheme that was used widely in Sunday-school buildings in the United States between the late 1860s and the mid-1910s.</p><br>
<h3>Akron Plan</h3><br>
<p>The Akron Plan was developed in response to changing Sunday-school practices. In the first part of the 19th century, the general tendency was for all pupils to learn the same lesson together in one large room. Beginning in about 1860, however, churches began implementing a new approach. All pupils learned the same lesson; but they were separated into grades, allowing each instructor to teach the lesson in a manner suitable for the age and level of development of their pupils. This practice was taken up by increasing numbers of churches; in 1872, a national convention adopted the Uniform Lesson Plan, implementing the practice nationwide.</p><br>
<p>The grades were not kept separate for the entire duration of the session. The class began with devotional exercises, led by the superintendent and involving the entire body of pupils. After this, the grades were taught separately. At the end of the session, the superintendent led, and the whole body participated in, a five-minute review of the lesson followed by closing exercises. This created a challenge for ecclesiastical architects: the Sunday-school building had to be designed in such a way that the pupils could quickly and efficiently be separated into various grades, and brought together for all-school activities.</p><br>
<p>One of those who addressed the design problem was Lewis Miller. A wealthy inventor and industrialist, Miller supervised a Sunday school in Canton, Ohio, and later one in Akron. When the First Methodist Episcopal Church in Akron decided to construct a new building, Miller worked with several architects to plan the Sunday-school wing. He devised a plan in which wedge-shaped classrooms were separated by partitions radiating from the direction of a central superintendent&#39;s platform. Doors on the platform-facing side of each classroom could be closed during grade-separated lessons, or opened to allow all pupils to see and hear the superintendent during school-wide exercises. The new church, following these plans, was constructed in 1866–67.</p><br>
<p>The so-called Akron Plan was adopted by Protestant churches throughout the United States and the world. Many of these churches modified the design with the addition of a movable partition between the sanctuary and the Sunday-school spaces, allowing the Sunday-school classes and the main body of congregants to be separated or united.</p><br>
<p>The Akron Plan&#39;s popularity declined after 1908, when an international Sunday-school convention approved the development of completely graded lesson plans. Pupils were to be kept in separate classes for the entire session; the school-wide exercises led by the superintendent were eliminated. This did away with the chief advantage of the Akron Plan, whose awkwardly shaped, imperfectly soundproofed, and often poorly lighted rooms were not well suited for any other use. To create more useful spaces, many Akron Plan interiors were remodelled; by the beginning of the 21st century, few intact Akron Plan interiors remained.</p><br>
<h3>Madison church</h3><br>
<p>The Madison Presbyterian church is located on the southeast corner of Fourth and Nebraska Streets. Architecturally, its design has been described as "a modest Romanesque Revival style". As a representative of this style, and because its interior serves as a well-preserved example of Akron plan design, the church was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.</p><br>
<h4>Exterior</h4><br>
<p>The church is chiefly built out of red brick, with a belt course and a parapet of Bedford stone. Light tan brick is used for decorative patterns and embellishments.</p><br>
<p>The plan of the building is generally rectangular. A six-sided (half a dodecagon) projection on the west side houses the Sunday-school room. Two low square towers stand at the northeast and southeast corners of the building; on the east side of each, a flight of concrete steps leads to an entrance, one to the pastor&#39;s study and one to the sanctuary. A somewhat taller square bell tower stands near the southwest corner; the arched main entrance to the building is on the south side of this tower.</p><br>
<p>A large round-headed window is located between the two towers on the south side, and another between the two towers on the east side. Smaller round-headed windows occur on the east and west sides of the bell tower, at about the same level as the south entrance. On the south side of the bell tower, above the doorway, is a pair of diamond-shaped windows set in a raised rectangle of light-tan brick; on the east and west sides, at the same level, are similar arrangements, but with diamond-shaped decorations of corbelled light-tan brick instead of windows. Above these are paired round-headed windows with wood louvered shutters.</p><br>
<p>An octagonal cupola with clerestory windows tops the main section of the building. The roof of the polygonal Sunday-school section slopes upward, then gives way to short vertical walls defining a kind of cupola, also with clerestory windows.</p><br>
<h4>Interior</h4><br>
<p>The principal entrance, on the south side of the belltower, leads to a small vestibule from which short flights of stairs rise to the sanctuary level and descend to the basement.</p><br>
<p>From the main entrance, one enters the sanctuary at the southwest corner. The room is rectangular, with a floor that slopes downward; an aisle follows this downward slope from the southwest entrance to the altar platform at the northeast corner. On either side of this aisle, curved oak pews run diagonally across the room from southeast to northwest. An Estey pipe organ stands on the north side of the altar platform; along the north wall is a small platform for the choir. A doorway at the northeast corner, behind the organ, leads to a small pastor&#39;s study.</p><br>
<p>Two large stained-glass windows are located on the south and east walls. In the center of the ceiling, beneath the cupola, is a stained-glass window, lit during the day by the cupola&#39;s clerestory windows. The base of the cupola is surrounded by a circle of electric lights.</p><br>
<p>Two tambour doors, each 14 feet high by 12 feet wide (14 ft by 12 ft), divide the sanctuary from the Sunday-school rooms. The doors can be closed to separate the two spaces, or opened to unite them. The Sunday-school space is divided into wedge-shaped rooms by four-section folding doors 9 ft high; these can be closed to divide the space into six classrooms, or opened to make a single open space of it.</p><br>
<p>The basement contains a second Sunday-school space, laid out in the same fashion as the rooms on the upper floor. Beneath the sanctuary is a fellowship room; north of that is a kitchen. The basement also contains two restrooms, a ladies&#39; lounge, and a closet containing the pump for the organ. A stairwell at the north end of the basement leads up to an exterior door on the north side of the building, and down to the onetime furnace room.</p><br>
<p>The Patten Building is a historic commercial building on Main Street in Cherryfield, Maine. Built in 1865, it is a fine example of commercial Italianate architecture, and has long been a landmark retail site in the small community.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Patten Building is located in the center of Cherryfield village, on the east side of Main Street (Maine State Route 193), a short way north of its junction with United States Route 1. It is a 2-1/2 story, wood-framed structure, with a front-facing gabled roof and clapboard siding. The roof has an extended cornice, with paired brackets and dentil moulding. The first floor of the front facade is divided into three parts, with a storefront consisting of a double door on the left and a display window on the right, occupying the two right bays, and a single door providing access to the upstairs in the left bay. The bays are each flanked by pilasters, and are topped by decorative wood panels separated by brackets. A dentillated cornice separates the first and second floors. The second floor has paneled pilasters at the corners, and two windows with carved bracketed lintels, while the attic level has a single window with similar treatment.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected in 1865 by Frank Patten, who was engaged in the manufacture and sale of boots and shoes. The building has also served in a variety of other commercial roles, including barbershop and meat market. The building is a regionally uncommon example of commercial Italianate architecture, and is now owned by the local historical society.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 22, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Sarsfieldstown Cross is a wayside cross and National Monument located in County Meath, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Sarsfieldstown Cross is located 3 km southwest of Laytown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Sarsfieldstown Cross is a late 15th-century memorial cross erected to Christopher Barnewall (1522–1575). The cross remains as a fragment of shaft with figure sculpture in false relief and inscription. The inscription in Latin around the base reads: "Archbishop Octavian, Primate of all Ireland, has granted an indulgence in perpetuity, to every penitent, as often as they shall devoutly say an Our Father, and a Hail Mary, for the souls of Christopher Barnewall; Kt, and Elizabeth Plunket, and all the faithful departed."</p><br>
<p>288 Wimbledon Road is an historic house located in Irondequoit in Monroe County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The building was constructed in 1928 by Fred P. Tosch Inc. as the Democrat & Chronicles Master Model Home. The house was cosponsored and promoted by the Democrat & Chronicle and The Home Owners Service Institute as an all-encompassing demonstration house used to promote high quality design and cutting edge products to middle income families as part of the nationwide Better Homes Movement occurring during the 1920s. It is a -story building executed in the Tudor Revival style. The primary facade features a distinctive composition of three asymmetrically concentric gables with gridded false timbering and tinted stucco panels atop a large bay window. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>Of particular note was the use of early experimental Kodacolor motion picture film to document the process of construction. The captured moments were organized into a brief presentation for the public who visited the home during its four-week open house.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on November 24, 2015.</p><br>
<p>The Quorn Town Hall is a heritage-listed former town hall at 20 Railway Terrace, Quorn, South Australia. It was added to the South Australian Heritage Register on 12 January 1984; it is also listed on the Register of the National Estate.</p><br>
<p>It was built by the Corporate Town of Quorn in 1891 to a design of Adelaide architect F. W. Dancker, and erected by Port Augusta contractors Moran Bros. The hall had dimensions of 68 ft by 40 ft, and 20 ft high. The foundation stone was laid on 7 February that year by the wife of mayor Richard Foster; at that time, it had cost £854 10s., and was expected to run to £1,000 for the building itself, with another £350 to fit out and furnish the hall. An acetylene gas lighting system was installed in 1904. In that year, the building contained the main hall, an office shared between the Quorn council and the District Council of Kanyaka, a public reading room and library, and a room for the Institute Committee.</p><br>
<p>By 1910, concerns were being raised about the hall being inadequate for the needs of the town, as it repeatedly proved too small for events held there. Councillor Hudson, in that year, stated that "the lodge room was not large enough to swing a cat in, the institute was too small, as was also the stage and body of the hall, they had no room for holding small meetings in, and the lack of dressing rooms made Quorn a laughing-stock to more up-to-date towns". The council struggled at the time to find the funds for necessary extensions, while acknowledging their necessity. A cinema was conducted in the hall in the years prior to World War II.</p><br>
<p>Both councils vacated the building by the 1950s, the Quorn council building a new chamber in Seventh Street (the modern Flinders Ranges Council building) in 1953, and the Kanyaka council converting a house in Eighth Street for their office; however, it remained in use as a community hall. Several additions were made during the twentieth century, and the building was remodelled in 1978, with the stage removed to enlarge the hall.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, it continues in use as a hall, and houses a bar in the former ladies&#39; rest room, council archives in the former library reading room, and a supper room in the former council offices.</p><br>
<p>The Capt. John P. Nichols House is a historic house at 121 East Main Street  in Searsport, Maine. Built in 1865 for a ships captain from a prominent local family, it is one of Waldo Countys finest examples of Italianate architecture, with a particularly elaborate cupola. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. It is now the Homeport Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Nichols House stands east of the Searsport town center, at the southeast corner of East Main Street and Summer Street. It is one of a cluster of fine 19th-century houses that make up the East Main Street Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1865 for John P. Nichols, one of Searsport&#39;s most successful ship captains of the period. The Searsport Nicholses were prominent in the shipping industry of Searsport, producing at least twenty-seven ship captains.</p><br>
<p>The Hall Covered Bridge, located in southern Rockingham, Vermont, carries Hall Bridge Road across the Saxtons River, just nort of its junction with Vermont Route 121. It is a Town lattice truss bridge, built in 1982 as a replica of a c. 1867 bridge that was destroyed by an overweight truck in 1980. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hall Covered Bridge is located in a rural area of southern Rockingham, west of the village of Bellows Falls, spanning the Saxtons River about 1.2 mi east of the village of Saxtons River. It is a single-span lattice truss bridge, based on the patent of architect Ithiel Town, and rests on stone abutments. Its sides are clad in vertical board siding, with three diamond-shaped window openings, and it is topped by a gabled metal roof.</p><br>
<p>The original bridge was built in 1867 by Sanford Granger, a local master bridge builder. It was, at the time of its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973, one of three surviving 19th-century covered bridges in the town (out of 17 documented to exist). The bridge was destroyed by an overweight truck in 1980, and a replica was built in 1982 by Milton S. Graton, whose penchant for authenticity extended to the use of oxen to move the finished bridge into place.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Baúl ) is an ancient political outpost and ceremonial center settlement in Peru established by the pre-Incan empire called the Wari. It was evacuated after a siege by the Inca Empire in about 1475. Cerro Baúl is a terraced mountain, 2000 feet above its surroundings, with a settlement on the cliff tops themselves and in the immediate surroundings. Among other finds are the remnants of a brewery and large buildings that may have been used for ceremonial feasting. There is evidence of damage that has been interpreted as a careful and deliberate destruction, by the citys own people, of several buildings prior to the mesas being vacated.</p><br>
<h2>Description of site</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Cerro Baúl is located in the Moquegua Valley. Both Cerro Baúl and the adjacent Cerro Mejia were under Wari control. The Wari had introduced the agricultural technology of terracing the mountainside and digging long canals across the land. A 6.2 mile canal was built from the Torata River through the El Paso Divide between Cerro Baúl and Cerro Mejia, where it split to irrigate the terraces that flanked both hills. Also along the terraced slopes we find the homes of the majority of the center&#39;s citizens. At the top of the mountain we find the public and elite living spaces. There are two D-shaped temples, in the Wari style, on the eastern and middle sections of the site. Also along the eastern side are one-story domiciles similar to the ones along the terraces. These are considered to be the artisan residence area by archaeologists. The central sector seems to be the ceremonial core, while the western sector comprises the two story dwellings of the elite. Sprinkled throughout this city we find the most common architectural form used by the Wari civilization, which is an enclosed plaza flanked by impressive stone halls. The halls included residences of governors and wealthy citizens, government offices, and beer houses for state-held parties.</p><br>
<h2>Asociación Contisuyo</h2><br>
<p>Asociación Contisuyo (in Quechua: Kunti Suyu), literally translated to Association "Bias West or West Region", is an assemblage of Peruvian and American scholars with interests in the mapping and excavation of Cerro Baúl. Founded in 1981 directors Robert Pritzker and Dr. Michael Moseley, then of The Field Museum of Natural History combined their resources with the Southern Peru Copper Corporation to further their research at Cerro Baúl. Prior to the first excavations it was believed that the Wari civilization had obtained the area subsequent to Tiwanaku control; however, it is now known from archaeological artifacts found in the area, such as kero (a ceremonial cup), in the hybrid styles of both Wari and Tiwanaku, that they had occupied the areas at the same time. It is believed that the two cultures employed the close space rather peacefully, as there is no evidence of warfare and evidence of shared culture and styles from about A.D. 600 to 1020. The scholars, armed with the annals of a Spanish chronicler and two seasons of excavations, were able to find evidence that supported the Inca siege and capture of the Wari political outpost.</p><br>
<h2>Wari political outpost and ceremonial center</h2><br>
<p>The Wari (Huari) culture of Peru in the Middle Horizon period (400 AD-1000 AD) was one of several Andean cultures before the rise of the Inca that can be termed "empires." They were not just city states, but actually exerted their influence over neighboring groups (or subjugated them). The Wari area of influence lay in what is now the central highlands of Peru and their area of influence overlapped that of another culture, the Tiwanaku. The Wari made their bold thrust into the Tiwanaku area of control by seizing both Cerro Baúl and the adjacent Cerro Mejia. By terracing and irrigating the areas for the sustainment of the citys populace, they managed to make the Tiwanaku at least partially dependent on their society as the water streaming from the mountain rainstorms had to pass by a Wari canal before it reached Tiwanaku fields. The relationship, however, seemed to be some positive interaction between the two peoples as seen in the Tiwanaku-style drinking vessel used in ceremonies that was among the Waris most sacred ceremonial offerings found at the site.</p><br>
<p>With the demise of the Wari and Tiwanaku civilizations, the people of the Chiribaya culture lived in the area until they were conquered or colonized by the Inca.</p><br>
<h2>Inca siege and conquest</h2><br>
<p>What we know of the Inca siege comes from Spanish chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega and is supported by excavations by the Programa Contisuyo.Owen, Bruce D. 2005. “Distant Colonies and Explosive Collapse: The Two</p><br>
<p>Stages of the Tiwanaku Diaspora in the Osmore Drainage”. Latin American Antiquity 16 (1). Society for American Archaeology: 45–80. doi:10.2307/30042486. The Wari people were blockaded within their city by the surrounding Inca army for 54 days. During this time their people were without water and little food; finally in despair they sent their children down to the Inca in hopes for mercy. The Inca were reported to have received the children with kindness, fed them, and sent them back up the mountains with some supplies for their people. The final evacuation of the center enclave was accompanied by elaborate ceremonies with brewing, drinking, feasting vessel smashing and building burning. The Wari surrendered unconditionally to the Inca around A.D. 1475.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>In current times, Cerro Baúl is a place of worship for the local Moqueguanos (inhabitants of Moquegua, a city founded by the Spanish colonists in southern Peru, located in the Moquegua Region, of which it is the capital) to offer pagapus (payment) to the Andean deities in the form of coca, candles and chicha, to list a few. Tourism is also available to this site.</p><br>
<p>The Übergossene Alm is the name of the summit region of the Hochkönig  in the Berchtesgaden Alps. It contains the remains of a glacier that used to cover almost the entire summit plateau; in 1888 around 5.5 km² of the plateau was covered by an ice sheet. Since then the glacial surface has melted until it now covers just 1.5 km² and the glacier has split into three, small crevasse-free areas. The name of the glacier goes back to a local legend.</p><br>
<h2>High plateau and its perimeter mountains</h2><br>
<p>The Hochkönig is the southernmost and highest mountain block in the Berchtesgaden Alps. Unlike the Watzmann massif about 20 kilometres to the north, it has a plateau that tilts gently towards the north and covers about 15 km². Only in the south does it fall steeply away in rock faces up to 1,000 metres high (the Mandlwände).</p><br>
<p>The edge of the plateau is formed by several high two-thousanders in the shape of a giant oval. Apart from the main summit, the most prominent of the remaining peaks (in clockwise order) are the: Großer and Kleiner Bratschenkopf, Kummetstein, Lamkopf and Hochseiler (all over 2,850 m) and to the north/east to Tenneck, Floßkogel and the Schoberköpfe (2,435 to 2,710 m). To the east of the last-named is the imposing Torsäule, which the climb from the Arthurhaus hut runs past; the Torsäule marks the end of the plateau above the side valleys of the River Salzach.</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>The Bratschenköpfe, consisting of the Großer Bratschenkopf and Kleiner Bratschenkopf, are two peaks in the Hochkönig massif in the Berchtesgaden Alps. The lie in the district of St. Johann im Pongau in the Austrian state of Salzburg.</p><br>
<p>The Großer Bratschenkopf may be climbed on a trackless route from the north from the crossing between the Arthurhaus and the Matrashaus (grade: easy). The Kleiner Bratschenkopf to the east may be reached from the same route (grade I).</p><br>
<p>Across the south face of the Großer Bratschenkopfs runs the climbing route known as Freier als Paul Preuß by Albert Precht (first climb, 1986, free solo, grade VII, face height 900 metres).</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>pp. 576, 578.</p><br>
<p>Albert Precht: Alpenvereinsführer Hochkönig. 1st edition, Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Freier als Paul Preuß. In: Adi Stocker: Longlines – Die ganz großen Klettereien der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Panico-Alpinverlag, Köngen, 2014, pp. 160–164 ().</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>The Belknap Mountains are a small mountain range in the Lakes Region of New Hampshire in the United States. The range lies in the towns of Gilford, Gilmanton, and Alton in Belknap County. The highest peak, Belknap Mountain, with an elevation of 2,382 ft above sea level, is the highest point in Belknap County.</p><br>
<p>The range extends for approximately 8 mi in an arc that begins at New Hampshire Route 11A in Gilford and runs south, then curves east through the northern end of Gilmanton, before ending in the town of Alton, where it overlooks Alton Bay of Lake Winnipesaukee.</p><br>
<p>The named summits in the range, from northwest to southeast, are Mount Rowe (1,690 ft), Gunstock Mountain (2,240 ft), Belknap Mountain, Straightback Mountain (1,890 ft), and Mount Major (1,786 ft). A cluster of several unnamed summits with elevations ranging from 1806 to 2001 ft are on the main crest of the range between Belknap Mountain and Straightback Mountain, surrounding Round Pond, itself located near the crest of the range at 1,652 ft above sea level. A secondary ridge extends southwest from Belknap Mountain to the Gilford/Gilmanton line, containing, from north to south, the summits of Piper Mountain (2,044 ft) and Whiteface Mountain (1,670 ft).</p><br>
<p>The range is entirely in the Merrimack River watershed. The northeast side of the range drains via several small brooks to Lake Winnipesaukee, the outlet of which is the Winnipesaukee River, which drains westward to form the Merrimack. The west side of the range drains via the Gunstock River into Lake Winnipesaukee, and the extreme southwest end of the range, near Whiteface Mountain, drains west via the Tioga River to the Winnipesaukee River. The south side of the range, including Round Pond, drains south via the Suncook River to the Merrimack.</p><br>
<p>Mount Rowe and Gunstock Mountain form the slopes of Gunstock Mountain Resort, a major ski area for central New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>The Downtown Commercial Historic District encompasses most of the central business district of Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015. The historic district includes 65 properties that were part of a 2012 to 2013 survey of the area. It also includes as contributing properties the buildings in the West Jefferson Street Historic District and three buildings in the Manufacturing and Wholesale Historic District that were previously listed on the National Register. All total there are 122 resources within the district, which includes 108 contributing and 14 non-contributing properties.</p><br>
<p>The downtown area developed in three periods. The first period (1865-1894) was an era of prosperity associated with the development of the citys railroad connections after the American Civil War. The second period (1895-1929) was an era of maturity and the development of modern commercial buildings. This is the time period when Burlingtons "tall" downtown buildings were built. The third period (1930-1967) saw competition from suburban development, especially in West Burlington. There were efforts to retain old businesses and attract new ones, while modernizing and improving the area. The inclusion of West Jefferson Street was important because it was the main thoroughfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries through the Hawkeye Creek Valley. It led from the central business district along the Mississippi River to the Agency Road that headed westward out of town.</p><br>
<p>For the most part the buildings in the district housed commercial enterprises, both retail, banking and professional offices. The government buildings are, for the most part, located elsewhere. The taller buildings are located on the east side along Jefferson Street and the adjacent blocks. Most of the buildings are three to four stories, with the tallest buildings rising eight to nine stories. There are also numerous one and two story structures. The buildings are mostly brick. The older buildings from the first period tend toward the Italianate and the Romanesque Revival styles. The taller, more modern buildings of the second period tend to utilize the Neoclassical style, and the buildings in the third period are in the more simplified modern styles.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The California Powder Works Bridge is a historic covered bridge in Santa Cruz, California. It is a Smith truss bridge, built across the San Lorenzo River in 1872 by the California Powder Works, an explosives manufacturer whose factory complex stood on the river banks. The bridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2015 as one of the best-preserved national examples of the Smith truss. It is owned and maintained by the Paradise Park Masonic Club, and is open to pedestrian and vehicular traffic, with a posted weight limit of 5 tons.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The California Powder Works Bridge is located about 2 mi north of downtown Santa Cruz, spanning the San Lorenzo River just downstream of Henry Cowell Redwoods State Park. The bridge carries Keystone Way, a private road in the residential development known as the Paradise Park Masonic Club. It is a single span, with a total structure length of 180 ft and a span length of 163 ft. Its total width is 30 ft, and it has a roadway width of 19 ft. Its trusses are built out of Douglas fir, and its roof is corrugated metal. The exterior is clad in vertical board-and-batten siding.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was constructed by the Pacific Bridge Company, its major elements manufactured at a plant in Alameda, and was installed in 1872. It was built for the California Powder Works, whose main manufacturing plant was on the east side of the river. The company operated on that site between 1863 and 1914, after which the site was largely demolished and abandoned. The property was purchased by a Masonic organization from Fresno, and developed as a summer colony they dubbed "Paradise Park".</p><br>
<p>The bridge is one of 23 known historic (pre-1955) examples of a Smith truss remaining in the United States, and is the longest and among the best-preserved of those, as determined by a nationwide survey conducted by the National Park Service. This truss type was marketed on a nationwide scale by the Smith Bridge Company, and was briefly competitive with iron bridges, which were coming to predominate in the landscape.</p><br>
<p>The Manufacturing and Wholesale Historic District is located adjacent to the central business district of Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. The historic district includes 32 buildings of which 28 are contributing properties and 14 non-contributing properties. The tracks of the former Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad bisect the district and contributed to its development. The buildings range in size from one single story office structure to two six-story buildings. Nine buildings were constructed before 1900, the earliest in 1876. The rest of the contributing buildings were built from 1900 to the 1930s. The four noncontributing buildings were built from the 1960s to the 1980s. The Romanesque Revival John Blaul and Sons Wholesale Grocery building is the only building that wasn&#39;t built in a utilitarian form with only general stylistic influences. All of the buildings are constructed in brick. The area largely housed manufacturing and wholesale businesses into the 1970s and 1980s. A few of them continue to do so into the second decade of the 21st-century.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Snake Alley Historic District is largely a residential area located in Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975 and was included in the Heritage Hill Historic District, which surrounds it, in 1982. The historic district includes ten contributing properties. It is centered on Snake Alley, a 275 ft brick roadway, built in 1894, that rises 58.3 ft from Washington Street to Columbia Street. The alley receives its name from the five half curves and two quarter curves that climb the hill. Cobblestone Alley is the eastern boundary of the district. It is a very steep roadway composed of large, limestone blocks. Six houses, built between 1845 and about 1880 surround Snake Alley. Schwartz&#39; Auto Electric Service building and the First United Church of Christ complex round out the contributing structures.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The Starker–Leopold Historic District is composed of three houses and the surrounding grounds overlooking the Mississippi River in Burlington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. The houses were built by the Starker-Leopold family who lived in them for most of their existence. Charles Starker was a successful Burlington businessman who contributed to public building and park development projects. He worked as an architect, engineer, and merchant before becoming an influential banker. His daughter Clara Starker-Leopold instilled her fathers values in her children. Carl Leopold was Claras husband and a local wood-working businessman and outdoor enthusiast.</p><br>
<p>The grounds on which the houses were built is divided into three distinct properties, but the lawn areas are open to each other and feature interior sidewalks that serve a centrally located garage. The Charles Starker House (101 Clay) is a large, Italianate frame house that was built sometime between 1868 and 1874. An extensive Georgian Revival porch was added around 1907. It is built on a limestone block foundation. The first Carl A. Leopold House (111 Clay) is a -story, rustic Queen Anne-style residence built around 1893. It features a multiple gable roof and a central chimney. The foundation and first floor of the house are composed of rough faced, cut limestone that was laid in a random manner. The second Carl S. Leopold House (110 Grand) is a -story Colonial Revival-style residence with a gambrel roof and flared eaves. It was built around 1922.</p><br>
<p>The Torsäule is a very steep, about 500-metre-high limestone formation on the eastern flank of the Hochkönig massif in the Berchtesgaden Alps.</p><br>
<p>The imposing column (Torsäule means "gateway column"), which bears a summit cross, lies immediately north of the ascent route to the Hochkönig from the Arthurhaus, a thousand metres below, and measures about 500 × 200 metres at its base. In an east-west direction it looks like a giant column, but on reaching the high plateau of the Übergossene Alm it slowly disappears below the local horizon.</p><br>
<p>Its south face which tapers towards the top is almost vertical, whilst the other faces have average gradients of about 60 to 80°.</p><br>
<p>Structurally, the Torsäule rises in front of the mountain ridge which the high plateau of the Hochkönig massif and its plateau glacier bound on the eastern side and which opens like a rock arena in a semi-circle facing the column and looking towards the Salzach valley. The Torsäule rises, as the crow flies, roughly between the eastern top of the Schoberköpfe (2,666 and ) and the Königs- and Bratschenköpfe (2,630 to ). On the other side (north-facing) it drops down to the Eiskar, beyond which the Teufelskirche mountain and cave lie on the steep slopes of the Schoberköpfe. The elongated, rocky cirque on the south side, past the foot of which the path runs, has the name, rather common in Salzburg, of Ochsenkar.</p><br>
<p>If one times it well – starting off before dawn – one can experience the sunrise at the foot of the Torsäule or as one passes. If one continues to climb for about an hour to the side of the Torsäule one sees its rounded tip for a last time in front of the background of the Tennengebirge and the morning clouds, before it sinks beneath the plateau of the Hochkönig.</p><br>
<p>The south face of the Torsäule, with its 36 prepared tours, is the most climbed face on the Hochkönig. Several of these routes are very frequently used and are some of the top routes of the Northern Limestone Alps: Jolly Joker 9, Opera Vertikal 8+, Afrika 8.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Albert Precht: Kletterführer Hochkönig, Panico Alpinverlag, 2002.</p><br>
<p>Albert Precht: Alpenvereinsführer Hochkönig, Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 1989.</p><br>
<p>Alpine Club map Sheet 10/2 Hochkönig – Hagengebirge. 1:25,000 series.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Colle San Bernardo di Mendatica  is a mountain pass in the Province of Imperia . It connects Colle di Nava with Mendatica, Colla del Garezzo and Monesi , all located in the Province of Imperia.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Colle San Bernardo di Mendatica is located on the main chain of the Alps. It connects the basins of Ligurian Sea (south of the pass) and Po. Administratively it belongs to Mendatica municipality.</p><br>
<p>Near the pass is located a small touristic village with several holiday houses, some hotels, restaurants and a small church.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking</h2><br>
<p>The pass is also accessible by off-road mountain paths and is crossed by the Alta Via dei Monti Liguri, a long-distance trail from Ventimiglia (province of Imperia) to Bolano (province of La Spezia).</p><br>
<p>The Schoberköpfe are several ridge-shaped peaks, arranged along the eastern edge of the Hochkönig plateau in the Berchtesgaden Alps, and which lie in a semi-circular arc that opens towards the east facing the Salzach valley:</p><br>
<p>Southwestern Schoberkopf (Südwestlicher Schoberkopf, )</p><br>
<p>Eastern Schoberkopf (Östlicher Schoberkopf, )</p><br>
<p>Teufelskirche, also called the Teufelskirchl, a rock tower in front of the Eastern Schoberkopf.</p><br>
<p>The relatively steep, 200-300-metre-high south faces drop into the scree-covered Eiskar and climb up again opposite into the striking, isolated pillar of the Torsäule. Somewhat west of the arête, near the Schoberschartl gap, ends the plateau glacier of the Übergossene Alm, which covers part of the Hochkönig summit region.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>The first known tourist ascent of the Schoberköpfe was undertaken on 29 June 1882 by Ludwig Purtscheller, but he did not publish any report about the tour. The two Schoberköpfe are accessible from the plateau on an easy climbing, but trackless, route. The normal route to the Teufelskirche requires climbing skills up to grade IV however. Otherwise the Schoberköpfe have numerous climbing routes on their southern faces.</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Albert Precht: Alpenvereinsführer Hochkönig, Bergverlag Rudolf Rother. Munich, 1989.</p><br>
<p>The Brandhorn is a mountain, in the Berchtesgaden Alps in the Austrian state of Salzburg. It lies in the southeast of the Steinernes Meer, at the crossing to the Hochkönig. After the Selbhorn and Schönfeldspitze the Brandhorn is the third highest peak in the Steinernes Meer.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>The path from the Riemannhaus to the Matrashaus – and thus the E4 alpin long distance path – runs over the Brandhorn. grade I–II, walking duration: 10–12 hours.</p><br>
<p>Other summit approaches:</p><br>
<p>From the Eckbert Hut along the Bohlensteig and Torscharte, I–II, partly secured, 4 hours</p><br>
<p>From the Steinhütterl via the Mauerscharte gap and the Alpriedelhorn, trackless, 3½ hours</p><br>
<p>From Hinterthal via the Torscharte gap</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Isthmia  is a Greek village and community 7.5 km southeast of Corinth. It is located in the south entry of Corinth Canal. The community spreads in the place where the Isthmian Games were held in antiquity. So, near the village important ruins of the archaeological site are kept including the Temple of Poseidon, the ancient stadium and the ancient theatre. Administravely, Isthmia belongs to Loutraki-Perachora-Agioi Theodoroi municipality and Loutraki-Perachora municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Isthmia is located in an area where the Isthmian Games were held. The Isthmian Games started in 582 B.C. and finished during 5th century A.D. In modern times, Isthmia was a small village. But after the digging of Corinth Canal between 1880 and 1893 the village developed. Today it is a community, including five settlements Isthmia, Kyras Vrysi, Kalamaki, Paradeisos, Agios Charalampos and Kavos. The population of the village Isthmia is 1,134 inhabitants and the population of the community is 2,760 according to the 2011 census.</p><br>
<h3>Historical population</h3><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>Corinth Canal, the large artificial canal that connects Saronic and Gulf of Corinth.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological site of Isthmia, the place where the ancient Isthmian Games were held. It includes the ruins of Temple of Poseidon, the ancient stadium and the ancient theatre</p><br>
<p>Archaeological museum of Isthmia. museum with exhibits from archaeological site.</p><br>
<p>The Wildalmkirchl is a rocky peak, on the southern edge of the Steinernes Meer. It lies within the Austrian state of Salzburg, northeast of the village of Maria Alm and northwest of the Hochkönig massif.</p><br>
<p>The first part of its name comes from the Wildalm ("wild alpine meadow"), a remote high valley located north of the Wildalmkirchl in the Austro-Bavarian border region in the Steinernes Meer range; the second part of its name is derived from the shape of the mountain which, from various standpoints resembles a church with its roof and tower.</p><br>
<p>At a height of, northeast of the summit, is the Wildalmkirchl bothy or "wilderness hut" (Biwakschachtel) (open, 8 sleeping places).</p><br>
<p>The Wildalmkirchl, along with the Schottmalhorn, is the most difficult mountain to climb in the Steinernes Meer; all ascents involve climbing. The easiest route runs from the bothy to the northeastern of the "church" formation and up onto the "roof" (crumbling, I); the route then crosses the exposed Kirchdachgrat arête forming the ridge of the "roof", and scales the very exposed summit block which requires moderately difficult climbing at grade (II); in all this takes about 40 minutes of climbing time from the bothy.</p><br>
<h2>Approaches</h2><br>
<p>from Maria Alm or Hinterthal along path no. 426 via the Wasserfallscharte gap in 5–6 hours (high Alpine, easy climbing necessary, tricky fields of old snow until late in the year).</p><br>
<p>from the plateau of the Steinernes Meer along path no. 401 (from the Riemannhaus or the Kärlinger Haus via the Hochbrunnsulzen Pass, ).</p><br>
<p>from the Wasseralm via the Wildalm and cross over in front of the Hochbrunnsulzen climbing path heading south to path no. 401.</p><br>
<p>from the southeast along path no. 401 (from the Hochkönig massif or from Hinterthal climbing via the Torscharte gap, ).</p><br>
<p>File:Wildalmkirchl_2.jpgThe Wildalmkirchl from the northeast</p><br>
<p>File:200909_Wildalmkirchl.jpgThe Wildalmkirchl in the morning, seen from the bothy</p><br>
<p>File:200909_Wildalmkirchl-Biwak.jpgThe Wildalmkirchl bothy</p><br>
<h2>Maps</h2><br>
<p>Alpine Club map 1:25,000, Sheets 10/1 "Steinernes Meer" and 10/2 "Hochkönig und Hagengebirge"</p><br>
<p>The Gordon Fox Ranch is a historic silver fox farming property at 860 West Broadway  in Lincoln, Maine. Operating from about 1924 to 1940, the property is the best-preserved of a significant number of fox farms established by brothers Frank and Fred Gordon in Lincoln. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Gordon Fox Ranch is located in a rural area of western Lincoln, on the south side of West Broadway. The property is more than 9 acre in size, of which less than 2 acre were ever cleared, the rest beging forested. A cluster of buildings, some historic and some not, are set a short way south of the road. Nonhistoric buildings include a 1950s garage and a house built in 2006. Behind the garage stands a three-story square wood frame tower, which has inward-sloping sides through two levels, with a vertically-walled third level with windows in each face. Across the driveway from the garage stands a historic ranch house (set in front of the modern house); it is a 1-1/2 story wood frame building, with a saltbox profile distinctive to the Gordon&#39;s fox ranching operations. This house was built in 1924. The property also includes a nearly-complete berm, surrounding a space that would originally have been fenced off as the space where the foxes were raised. Behind the houses stands a small wood frame structure that originally served as the ranch office. When built, it was originally attached to the observation tower, but was separated in order to effect repairs on both structures. It is believed to be the only known surviving office building from one of these ranching operations.</p><br>
<p>Silver fox pelts were long a highly-valued fur, significantly exceeding in value that of beaver. Ranching of the animals was made possible by the successful breeding of them in captivity on Prince Edward Island in the 1890s, and ranching operations gradually spread afterward. In the 1920s brothers Fred and Frank Gordon (of Lincoln and Bangor) purchased numerous tracts of land in Lincoln and other communities of northern New England, and established ranching operations on a standardized plan. In Lincoln the brothers are known to have built at least ten such operations between 1924 and 1926, when their enterprise went bankrupt. The properties included a small house for the caretaker to live in, a fenced area for the foxes, and an observation tower from which the behavior of the animals could be monitored. This particular farm was probably used until about 1940 for fox farming, by a variety of owners.</p><br>
<p>Lancelin Island is an island in Western Australia near Lancelin.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The island occupies an area 8.16 hectare and is situated 600 m from the mainland. The island has a maximum elevation of 27 m. It is composed of limestone and is linked to Edwards Island by intertidal and subtidal reef platforms. Both islands are gazetted as A Class nature reserves.</p><br>
<p>The island has a large beach on the landward side of the island and a smaller beach on the seaward side. The waters off the western side of the island are also a protected area, the Lancelin Island Lagoon Fish Habitat Protection Area, made up of areas of seagrass and reef systems.</p><br>
<p>Along with Edwards Island it is at the southern end of the Turquoise Coast islands nature reserve group, a chain of 40 islands spread over a distance of 150 km.</p><br>
<h2>Origin and history</h2><br>
<p>The island was formed approximately 10,000 years ago after large fluctuations in sea levels caused erosion on large areas of the continental shelf during periods of glaciation. Large parallel sand dunes then formed and hardened into limestone, forming islands, most of which have been separated from the mainland for 6,500 years.</p><br>
<p>The first European to discover and name the island was the French explorer Hamelin in 1801 aboard the Naturalist. It was named after the scientific writer, P.J. Lancelin.</p><br>
<p>During the 1920s the area became popular as a holiday destination, with many shacks appearing on the mainland. During World War II the island was used by the Royal Australian Air Force for bombing practice. The crayfishing industry commenced operations in the area in 1947.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The island has a high diversity of plants and supports over 50 plant species. The vegetation is mostly close to the ground and composed mostly of salt-tolerant grasses and shrubs. Sandier places are dominated by a low heath with shallower soils over limestone areas supporting herbfields and grasslands. The nitre bush covers the slopes and plateau of the island.</p><br>
<p>Sea birds are known to inhabit the island with some species using the island as a breeding site.</p><br>
<p>The Lancelin Island skink, a threatened species, is endemic to the island.</p><br>
<p>Sea lions are known to visit the island but do not use it as a breeding site.</p><br>
<p>The Lancelin Island Lagoon Fish Habitat Protection Area has had over 200 species of flora and fauna that have been identified within the area.</p><br>
<p>The William A. Hall House is a historic house at 1 Hapgood Street in Bellows Falls, Vermont. Built in 1890-92, it is one of Vermont&#39;s finest early expressions of Colonial Revival architecture. It is notable for its first three residents, who all played prominent roles in the major businesses of Bellows Falls, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. It is now the Readmore Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hall House is located a short way south of downtown Bellows Falls, at the northwest corner of Westminster and Hapgood Streets. It is a large, rectangular wood frame structure, three stories in height, with a dormered hip roof, clapboard siding, and a granite foundation. A single-story porch extends across the front and wraps around to the left side, with a turned balustrade and Tuscan columns. The east facade, facing Westminster Street, consists of two bays, each of which is taken up by a two-story bowed three-window bay. The entrance is located on the south side, sheltered by a gabled porch similar to the one across the front. The interior retains elaborate original woodwork and finishes, include a glass chandelier and fireplace surrounds.</p><br>
<p>The house, whose architect is not known, was built between 1892 and 1894 for William A. Hall, an executive and experimental chemist associated with the Fall Mountain Paper Company, one of Bellows Falls&#39; leading companies. Hall, a Massachusetts native, may have played a role in bringing the Colonial Revival aesthetic to Bellows Falls, for this is one the earliest elaborate examples of the style in the region. In 1903 Hall sold the house to Francis G. Flint, part owner of a local paper mill. John Babbitt, the third owner of this house, owned one of the largest manufacturers in the nation of waxed paper. In the 1990s the building was restored and adapted for use as a bed and breakfast inn.</p><br>
<p>The Beagle Islands are a small group of islands in Western Australia, found approximately 15 km north west of Leeman.</p><br>
<h2>Island group</h2><br>
<p>The Beagle Islands are a group of three individual islands:</p><br>
<p>* North West Beagle Island with an area of 0.5 hectare located 8.6 km from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>* East Beagle Island with an area of 1.5 hectare located 8.3 km from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>* South West Beagle Island with an area of 0.5 hectare located 8.6 km from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The group is at the northern end of the Turquoise Coast islands nature reserve group, a chain of 40 islands spread over a distance of 150 km.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The islands were formed approximately 10,000 years ago after large fluctuations in sea levels caused erosion on large areas of the continental shelf during periods of glaciation. Large parallel sand dunes then formed and hardened into limestone, forming islands, most of which have been separated from the mainland for 6,500 years.</p><br>
<p>Well preserved Tamala limestone geological features can be found on all of the Turquoise Coast islands, with supra-tidal hard coral fossils being found on the Beagle Islands.</p><br>
<h2>Sea lions</h2><br>
<p>The islands are home to the largest population of Australian sea lions in Western Australia, The breeding colony is estimated to be between 150 and 250 animals depending on the breeding cycle. East Beagle island is also home to the tree-like form of the Nitre Bush, an important habitat for sea lions when pupping.</p><br>
<h2>Wreck</h2><br>
<p>In 1905 a boat was reported as being wrecked near the islands and in 1934 a fisherman drowned after being swept overboard.</p><br>
<p>The twin peaks of the Kellerspitzen  form the second highest mountain in the Carnic Alps, a mountain range in the Southern Limestone Alps. The two summits rise in the middle of the east-west oriented Kellerwandgrat, an arête that forms the main chain of the Carnic Alps here. The border between the Austrian state of Carinthia and the Italian Province of Udine runs along this ridge. The West Top , also called the Grohmannspitze, is; the East or Main Top  is. The mountain offers a wide panoramic view in all directions which, along with its numerous climbing routes, makes it a popular destination for mountaineers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Since the 1860s there were different views among Austrian, German and Italian alpinists as to whether the Kellerspitzen or the Hohe Warte (Monte Coglians) was the highest mountain in the Carnic Alps. Paul Grohmann, the geologist and palaeontologist Fritz Frech from Breslau and Georg Geyer from Vienna claimed the Kellerspitzen, shown on the Austrian map with a height of 2,813 metres, was the highest summit; the Italians Giovanni Marinelli and Arturo Ferrucci from the Italian Alpine Club, by contrast, favoured the Hohe Warte, which was marked on the Tavolette 1:50,000, Prato Carnico map with a height of 2,782. Today it is believed that the Hohe Warte, at 2,780 metres, is the highest mountain in the region, beating the Kellerspitzen by around 6 metres.</p><br>
<p>According to German language literature the Kellerspitzen West Top was climbed on 15 July 1868 by Paul Grohmann, guided by Josef Moser from Kötschach and Peter Salcher from Luggau in the Lesach valley. They set off on 14 July from the Plöcken Pass, climbed up to the Obere Collinalpe and bivouacked at a height of about 2,000 metres to the north of and below the Grüne Schneide. Their route continued through the Eiskar to the summit ridge. The group only reached the lower West Top, however, a breaking storm prevented their crossing to the East Top. On 31 July 1877 L. Pitacco, Pietro Galante and A. Menchini failed at the Kollinkofel. Not until 13 July 1878 did Giovanni Hocke of the Società Alpina Friulana (today the Udine Branch of the IAC), together with Adam Riebler, a master locksmith and mountain guide from Mauthen, succeed in conquering the East Top, which they reached via the Kollinkofel. They returned the same way. The crossing from the East to the West Top was first achieved on 29 August by the aristocratic brothers, Guido and Cesare Mantica, with their guide, Nicolò Silverio from Timau. They also initially climbed the Kollinkofel. On the West Top they found Grohmanns visiting card under a cairn. On the descent they followed Grohmanns route down to the Eiskar. Thereafter the mountains on the Kellerwandgrat were visited time and again.</p><br>
<p>In the mountain war of 1915–1918 the static front between Austria and Italy ran through here. The region still has numerous remains of military positions and trenches; the old supply route between the peaks of the Kellerspitzen makes a crossing easy for today&#39;s visitors.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Kellerspitzen have only a few immediately important neighbours. To the west, along the Kellerwandgrat arête and separated by the Kellerscharte col at 2,524 m, are the 2,713-metre-high Kellerwarte (Cima di Mezzo), then the Hohe Warte, at 2,780 metres the highest mountain of the Carnic Alps, and to the east lies the Kollinkofel (Creta di Collina). To the north, towards the Valentin valley, the twin peaks drop almost vertically in an 800-metre-high rock face. The south face drops about 500 metres to the Keller (La Chiavenate), a bowl-shaped gravel cirque. The nearest significant settlements are, on the Italian side, Timau in the Val Grande, which lies about 9 kilometres away to the east as the crow flies and Kötschach-Mauthen, 10 kilometres to the northeast. The Plöcken Pass Road runs by about 3.5 kilometres to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and maps</h2><br>
<p>Peter Holl: Alpine Club Guide Karnischer Hauptkamm, Bergverlag Rother, Munich, 1988,</p><br>
<p>Carl Diener: Die Karnischen Alpen in Eduard Richter: Die Erschliessung der Ostalpen, Berlin, 1894</p><br>
<p>Casa Editrice Tabacco, Carta topografica 1:25,000, Sheet 09, Alpi Carniche, Carnia Centrale</p><br>
<p>Hamelin Island lies north of Cape Hamelin, just out to sea from the former Hamelin Bay Jetty, on Hamelin Bay, on the south west coast of Western Australia, about 7 km north of Cape Leeuwin.</p><br>
<p>The location of the island, and its protection of part of the anchorage from prevailing weather and winds was observed very early in the twentieth century.</p><br>
<h2>Rabbits</h2><br>
<p>A Western Mail (Western Australia) Christmas edition of 1930 has a photograph of the island, and calls it Rabbit Island. Which relates to the 22 July 1911 article cited above - Leeuwin Land, which stated that:</p><br>
<p>The Hamelin Bay was the site of many wrecks, however less have occurred on the island. One was in December 1933 of the fishing boat Toba.</p><br>
<h2>Light</h2><br>
<p>In 1935 the Island automatic light was planned and proposed, to assist navigators in the area of Cape Leeuwin for a successful negotiation of the journey rounding at the Leeuwin area.</p><br>
<p>The automatic light was constructed in 1937 - 1938.</p><br>
<p>The light house was re-located in 1967, to higher ground behind Cape Hamelin on the mainland.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Lutheran Church Historic District, also known as Schoharie United Presbyterian Church, is a historic Lutheran church complex and national historic district located at Schoharie, Schoharie County, New York. The complex consists of the former St. Paul’s Lutheran Church, an 1801 manse, St. Paul’s Lutheran Cemetery, and the old Lutheran Parsonage. The church was built in 1796, and is a two-story rectangular brick building. The front facade features a square, multistage entrance tower capped by an octagonal belfry and spire. The new manse was built in 1801, and is a five bay, two-story, double pile, heavy timber frame Federal style dwelling with a two-story rear ell. The church cemetery has several thousand graves, with the earliest marked grave dated to 1778. The Old Lutheran Parsonage was built in 1743, and is separately listed. In 1920,</p><br>
<p>the local Lutheran and Methodist congregations joined, and in 1960, the congregation voted to affiliate with the Presbyterian denomination.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Clark Perry House is a historic house on Court Street in Machias, Maine. Built in 1868, it is one of Washington County&#39;s most elaborate examples of Italianate architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Clark Perry House is located in the village of Machias, a short way west of the main downtown area, on the north side of Court Street (United States Route 1A), between Broadway and Cooper Street. It is a typical New England connected house, with a main block that has ells connecting it to a carriage barn at the rear. It is a wood frame structure, 2-1/2 stories in height, with a clipped-gable roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. The main facade faces south, and is two bays wide, with a single-story polygonal window bay on the right, and the main entrance on the left. Both the entry porch and window bay are topped by turned balustrades, and have brackted and dentillated cornices, details that are repeated on the main roof line. The porch is supported by panelled posts mounted in wooden piers. Windows on the front and sides are capped by decorated brackete hoods with mini-gables.</p><br>
<p>Clark Perry, a Machias native who owned a local general store, had this house built in 1868 by Haskell Preble, who may have also played a role in its design. It was described at the time its construction by the Machias Union as "odd looking, being quite different in style from any other house in town".</p><br>
<p>The William Harris House, also known locally as the Joseph Caruso House, is a historic house on Western Avenue in Brattleboro, Vermont. Built in 1768, this Cape-style house is believed to be the oldest surviving building in the town, and one of the oldest in the entire state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Harris House stands on the south side of Western Avenue (Vermont Route 9), just west of the Brattleboro Farmer&#39;s Market. It is a 1½-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, large central chimney, clapboard siding, and stone foundation. It is set close to the road, with the roof gable perpendicular to the street, and the main facade facing west. That facade is four bays wide, with a roughly centered entrance flanked by two sash windows on the left and one on the right. The street-facing facade is three bays wide, and the east side, which was originally the front of the house, is five bays wide, with the central doorway replaced by a window. The interior of the building retains original floors, finishes, and hardware.</p><br>
<p>This house is reputed to have been built in 1768 (a date carved into one of its beams) by William Harris, a native of Holden, Massachusetts who was one of the first to settle the area that is now Brattleboro. The center-chimney plan Cape is a particularly rare building in Vermont, where most housing was built after the transition to smaller fireplaces and wood stoves. In the 1950s, this house was owned by Joseph Caruso, whose wife was a singer at the Metropolitan Opera in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The Harlow E. Bundy House  is a historic house located at 129 Main Street in Binghamton, Broome County, New York.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>It was built in 1893, and is a 2 1/2-story, irregularly massed, Queen Anne style frame dwelling. It features cut stone veneer, a variety of decorative shingles, and a tall conical corner tower. It was built by Binghamton businessman Harlow Bundy (1856-1914), who owned the Bundy Manufacturing Company, a predecessor of IBM.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 11, 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Bundy Museum of History and Art</h2><br>
<p>The Bundy Museum of History and Art features exhibits about the Bundy Manufacturing Company and its founders including a display of time recording clocks in a recreation of the Bundy Manufacturing Company’s 1893 Worlds Fair booth; a gallery with ancestral and ceremonial African artifact; a vintage 20th-century barber shop room; changing exhibits about local history; and the Southern Tier Broadcasters Hall of Fame which honors such pioneers as Rod Serling, Richard Deacon and Bill Parker. The museums open art gallery for works by upcoming as well as established artists. The museum also hosts the Rod Serling Archive, with original wire images, TV and film props, memorabilia and personal items.</p><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s Anglican Church is a heritage-listed church at Sayre Crescent, Boyne Island, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Arthur Malpas and built in 1924. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s Anglican Church on Boyne Island was erected in the early 1920s by the small farming community on the island.</p><br>
<p>Boyne Island, on the Gladstone coastline, was taken up illegally for pastoral purposes in the mid-1850s, the first official lease being granted in 1863. In 1870 much of Boyne Island was resumed by the Queensland colonial government and opened to selection, and from the late 1870s agriculturalists cultivated fruit and small crops on the island. In 1884, half the remaining pastoral lease was resumed, and several farms were established on this land in the late 1880s and early 1890s. In the 1880s, a timber mill was erected on the southwest part of the island, and a wharf reserve was proclaimed near the mouth of the Boyne River. In the early 1900s, several more farms were taken up on Boyne Island or in its vicinity. At the time, Boyne Island was also a popular picnic destination for Gladstone residents and was used as a weekend retreat by townspeople. Around 1920, a small Saturday school was established on the island for the children of the farming community in a small shelter shed. Teachers came from Toolooa School or from Gladstone and church services are also said to have also been held regularly in a shelter across the road from the current church, which may well have been the same structure as that used for the school. The local families involved decided to build themselves a church.</p><br>
<p>The land on which the church is situated was part of an agricultural selection granted in 1908 to Henry Richard Thompson. It changed hands several times before being purchased by Harry Handley in 1922. The Handley family were farmers and donated about an acre for the church, officially subdividing and transferring ownership of the land to the Anglican Diocese of Rockhampton in 1925. Funds for the construction were raised both locally and in England, and materials, labour and furnishings were supplied mostly by local residents. The building was designed by Boyne Island resident Arthur Malpas, who also helped in the construction. Reputedly, Mr Malpas drew inspiration from photo-album pictures of half-timbered cottages at Worcester, England. The construction method and materials used to produce the effect however, were not traditional but those available locally.</p><br>
<p>St Lukes was dedicated on 12 October 1924 by Dr Philip Crick, the Bishop of Rockhampton. At the time coins and a newspaper were placed under the foundation stone. A large sea shell was utilised as a font. In the Interwar period, as cars became more common and with the construction of a traffic bridge over the Boyne River, Wild Cattle Beach (later Tannum Sands) became a popular holiday resort. The islands permanent population appears to have risen after the Second World War, and St Lukes Church served as Boyne Islands only school building from 27 January 1953 until the school was established in another building on 14 May 1956.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 the church was rehallowed by Canon Donald Kinglake Dunn, coins and a newspaper of that year being added to the time capsule under the foundation stone. Items such as prayer books, vases, a wooden cross, communion cup and paten, pews, candle sticks and christening font were given in memory of the early residents of Boyne Island who established the church.</p><br>
<p>Boyne Island has become urbanised following the establishment of the Boyne alumina smelter in 1982. During the construction period alone, the population increased from 1,400 to 6,000. Housing and public facilities have enormously increased on the island which is now effectively an industrial area.</p><br>
<p>In the late 20th century, St Marks Ministry Centre was erected adjacent to St Lukes, which now has the role of a church hall rather than a church and is used for church group meetings, Sunday School and worship on special occasions.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s is a small church constructed in a simple, rustic style. It is timber-framed and clad with flat galvanised iron fixed with timber battens. The roof is gabled and clad with corrugated iron. The western entrance is sheltered by a small porch and there is a vestry with a separate gabled roof at the northeast end. The church has a seating capacity for 50 people.</p><br>
<p>The frame of the building consists of exposed hardwood bush posts sunk into the ground and other hardwood framing. The exterior is painted a light colour with dark stained timber battens to provide a decorative effect suggestive of half-timbering. It has a cement floor, galvanised iron roof, timber doors and window frames. Louvred panels on the side walls of the nave do not appear to be original and all other windows are casements.</p><br>
<p>The interior is plain and comprises a nave, chancel and attached vestry. The walls appear to be lined with fibrous cement, but the ceiling is unlined.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s Anglican Church was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Luke&#39;s church is a simple chapel constructed in an idiosyncratic style using volunteer labour and locally obtained materials by the farming community on Boyne Island. It illustrates the resourcefulness of pioneer communities in providing for their needs with limited resources. The main economic activity on Boyne Island is now industrial following the establishment of alumina smelters in 1982, and so the church illustrates a way of life on the island which has passed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The church in its setting has a picturesque appeal effected by an imaginative use of available materials to create the impression of a rustic chapel and makes an attractive visual contribution to the character of the area.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The church has a strong connection with the Boyne Island community having been designed and built by pioneer families and has served the community as a church, school and meeting place since 1924.</p><br>
<p>William Wyndham&#39;s gravesite is a heritage-listed lone grave at Boyne Island, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It is also known as Carnym and Wyndhams Farm. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 June 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although Boyne Island is best remembered for William Trevelyan Wyndham&#39;s association with it, initially the selection was taken up by Charles Hedley, a naturalist originating from Yorkshire. In 1882 Hedley and J.R.B. Dawson took up selection blocks on Boyne Island resumed under the 1868 Crown Lands Act. Hedley, enjoying a "liberal allowance" from his father, sampled outback life and tried an oyster lease at Moreton Bay before trying fruit growing at Boyne Island. In 1888 an accident to his left arm rendered him unfit for manual work and he went to Brisbane and worked for the Queensland Museum, pursuing a career in natural history, concentrating on Australian fauna. Hedley wrote confidently on a range of topics including botany, ethnology, and conchology. The culmination of his career was his appointment as Scientific Director of the Great Barrier Reef Committee.</p><br>
<p>In 1888 William Trevelyan Wyndham acquired Hedley&#39;s selection of 240 acres in the south east corner of the Island near the mouth of the Boyne River. Migrating to Australia in 1849 Wyndham first lived with an uncle in the Hunter River area in New South Wales. His interest in Indigenous culture led to him to live with tribal Aborigines in New South Wales for seven years. He married, but after the financial failure of his farm and subsequent break-up of his marriage he came to the Fitzroy River area in Queensland in 1875 and lived by fishing and shooting, spending time with a tribe on Keppel Island. Wyndham worked industriously to improve and establish a large orchard on the Boyne Island property, naming it "Carnym", reported to be an Aboriginal name meaning "sand".</p><br>
<p>Pineapples, grafted orange trees, bananas and rare plants and seeds were imported from Kew Gardens in England. Wyndham later sent Boyne Island-grown plants such as lilies, back to Kew. The seeds of the mango trees came by boat from India and were given to Wyndham by Hedley. Whether the tamarind trees were planted by Hedley or Wyndham is unclear. The section of property that fronted the river was known as Plum Tree, presumably after the native Burdekin plums which are plentiful in the nearby scrub.</p><br>
<p>Wyndhams life as a fisherman made Carnym the ideal location, and he earned extra income delivering produce from his property to market through coastal waters to Gladstone. In 1889 he prepared a paper titled "The Aborigines of Australia". which he presented to the Royal Society of New South Wales in Sydney in June. Wyndhams paper applied chiefly to the Aborigines of northern New South Wales with whom he had with lived for seven years. He explained their traditions and customs and clearly stated their belief in a supreme being. Most importantly, his linguistic skills led him to the conclusion that the different Aboriginal languages had been derived from one original stock. That he was considered an authority is confirmed by the Smithsonian Society of America&#39;s correspondence with him on the possibility of Australian Aboriginal languages being derived from Tamil.</p><br>
<p>Wyndham died 8 July 1898 and was buried in the orchard at Carnym. Some time later his daughter Bessie had his remains relocated on a hill at the Western end of the property. Wyndham himself had prepared in advance by transporting a block of granite estimated to weigh 1.5 tonnes from Magnetic Island and carried by his boat. This was dumped at the mouth of the Boyne River at high tide and later dragged by bullock team to the highest point on the island to become his headstone. The family association with Boyne Island continued for three generations, later members continuing to grow pineapples on the site, Bessie continuing to live at Carnym until 1941. In 1972 Comalco purchased the farm to build an aluminium smelter, production commencing ten years later. The site where the grave lies is owned by Comalco and is listed by them as a buffer zone between the smelter and the suburb.</p><br>
<p>The area where Wyndhams house was situated was sold and subdivided in the mid 1970s and the modest weatherboard house demolished in the early 1980&#39;s. A park in the area bears his name, with tamarind and mango trees from the original orchard still adorning the park and surrounding suburb.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The heritage listing identifies two areas: the gravesite and the orchard.</p><br>
<p>William Trevelyan Wyndham&#39;s gravesite lies in a small clearing amid native flora at the highest point of Boyne Island facing east (-23.9341&deg; latitude, 151.3468&deg; longitude). The headstone consists of roughly hewn granite and local individual stones placed five feet in front of the grave in a rectangular shape. The stone reads "William Trevelyan Wyndham Born 3 April 1830 Died 8 July 1898".</p><br>
<p>Nine mango (Mangifera indica) and two tamarind trees (Tamarind indicus) from Wyndham&#39;s original orchard are located throughout the suburb. Two tamarind trees are located in the corner of Wyndham Park near the southern boundary of the park at Olunda Street (-23.9369&deg; latitude, 151.3535&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>William Wyndham&#39;s gravesite and remnant orchard trees was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 23 June 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remnant trees demonstrate the uncommon aspect of a nineteenth century orchard and garden that was used simultaneously for hobby, scientific and commercial reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Tamarind trees have the potential to yield comparative botanical and genetic information with examples of a similar age in other countries.</p><br>
<p>Prominently situated on the highest point of Boyne Island, Wyndhams grave is located in a small clearing, its aesthetic appeal enhanced by its surroundings amid indigenous flora. Two Tamarind trees from the original orchard are located in Wyndham park, their age and size contributing to the parks visual appeal.</p><br>
<p>Wyndham Park is valued by the community for social and recreational purposes. Links to the former use of the site are expressed by a cottage style play structure symbolising Wyndham&#39;s dwelling, remnant Tamarind trees and the park bearing his name.</p><br>
<p>Boyne Island has a special association with the work of William Trevelyan Wyndham and Charles Hedley, both principal pioneers in the early development of Central Queensland and the Calliope area. William Trevelyan Wyndham&#39;s gravesite and the Tamarind trees are physical links to his work and interests, in particular his association with and anthropological observations of the languages and customs of Aboriginal tribes in New South Wales and Central Queensland. The site is also significant in regards to the previous owner, naturalist Charles Hedley.</p><br>
<p>Block B of Gladstone Central State School is a heritage-listed state school building at 94 Auckland Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Department of Public Works  and built in 1904 by J Connors. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Block B of the Gladstone Central State School was erected in 1904 as the first timber classroom extension to the Gladstone State School, established in the early 1860s.</p><br>
<p>The town of Gladstone at Port Curtis was founded by the New South Wales colonial government in 1853-1854 prior to the separation of Queensland from New South Wales, and during the 1850s a number of private schools operated in the township. In 1861, following the separation of Queensland, a primary school was established at Gladstone under the provisions of the Queensland Government&#39;s Education Act of 1860, which provided government assistance for primary education modelled on the New South Wales system of national (or state-assisted) schools.</p><br>
<p>At Separation in December 1859, there were only three national schools in Queensland (at Drayton, Warwick and Brisbane), established under New South Wales legislation. The first 7 national schools established in the new colony of Queensland opened in 1861. Among these was the Gladstone Primary School, which opened about April that year.</p><br>
<p>The Gladstone Primary School initially may have occupied the premises of a former private school conducted from 1859 by JH Carvosso, who was appointed the first national school teacher in Gladstone in 1861. A purpose-designed primary school was constructed in 1863-1864 and opened at the beginning of 1864, on the present school reserve. It was a T-shaped brick structure. The front section of the building, facing Auckland Street, was the residence of the school master; behind this, at right angles to the residence, was a long school room to accommodate 70-80 students. Queenslands national school system, administered by the Board of General Education, was replaced in 1875 with a system of free, compulsory, secular education for children aged 6 to 12 years, administered by the Department of Public Instruction. At this time the Gladstone Primary School became the Gladstone State School. By 1879, average attendance at the school had reached 110, and classes were being conducted on the verandahs. To relieve the overcrowding, a separate teachers residence was erected in 1880-81, and the front section of the 1863 building was remodelled as a classroom.</p><br>
<p>By 1897, total enrolment was close to 200 and the average attendance had reached 150. The school was again in urgent need of additional classrooms. Extensions were approved by the Department of Public Instruction, but the local community was not able to raise the one-fifth contribution needed to fund the additions until 1904, when a new timber block was erected in front of the 1863 building, and connected to it by a covered walk-way. Tenders were called in March 1904. The contract was won by J Connors with a price of £437/2/3, and the building was completed by late 1904. Despite a number of modifications, it survives as the present Block B.</p><br>
<p>In November 1913, the Gladstone State School Committee refused to spend any more money on repairs to the 1863 school building and requested that it be demolished and replaced with a new timber building in keeping with the 1904 wing (Block B). This building (Block A) was erected in 1914-15 and opened in February 1915. In 1917 the 1863 building was sold for £2 for demolition/removal.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1930s, Block A had become the High School wing of the Gladstone State School, and two additional timber wings had been erected. One of these accommodated primary school children (Block C), and the other was the Infants School (Block D). In 1936/37 a purpose- designed home economics and manual arts wing was erected (Block E), but there was little further expansion of the school premises until well into the second half of the 20th century. Gladstone State School was renamed Gladstone Central State School on 14 November 1968.</p><br>
<p>By March 1973, the school had acquired an additional large teaching block (Block G), an administration block (Block H), and a toilet block (Block J - replacing earlier earth closets). At this time plans were drawn for a new Block C, and it appears that the old Block C was removed to another part of the site, and renamed Block F. By 1978, Block A (the 1914-15 building) had been removed and the new Block C had been constructed, but Blocks B, F (the re-sited former Block C), D & E remained.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Situated on a sloping site in the northwest corner of the Gladstone Central State School grounds overlooking Auckland Street, Block B is a free-standing, single-storeyed timber building sitting on low concrete stumps to the east and north and higher concrete stumps to the west and south. The low-pitched gable roof is sheeted with polytex sheeting and has small triangular decorative panels of vertical slats to the north and south gable ends. The exterior is clad with painted weatherboards.</p><br>
<p>The north and south elevations each have a bank of fourteen awning windows sheltered by a sunshade awning with lattice triangular panels to each end. The south elevation also contains a porch entrance to the east verandah and the north elevation contains two small windows to the west corner. The building is planned about a single room with lateral verandahs. The building has been altered but some original fabric remains including timber linings, doors and windows. The single room has been subdivided with concertina doors to form three rooms and partitioned spaces and enclosures added to the verandahs.</p><br>
<p>A small, single-room, rectangular, gable-roofed annexe extends from the centre of the east verandah. Clad externally with weatherboards, the annexe has two casement windows to the north and east elevations and the ceiling and interior walls are lined with tongue-and-groove boarding with coved mouldings to the corners and cornice.</p><br>
<p>The east verandah is enclosed and lined internally with tongue-and- groove boarding and coved mouldings to the corners and cornice. There is a bank of clerestorey louvres to the south of the annexe and three sets of clerestorey and six sets of half height louvres to the north. Rooms to the corners of the verandah have been partitioned with fibro cement sheeting. A plain timber door opens to the annexe. There is a porch entrance to the south and a plain timber door in the east wall to the north of the annexe.</p><br>
<p>The west verandah is approached by a central set of timber stairs. The corners of the verandah have been enclosed to the north for toilets and to the south for a small kitchen. Both enclosed areas open to the verandah. There are four timber casement windows to the west in the south corner and three timber casements windows to the west in the north corner. The open middle portion of the verandah has a timber handrail and two horizontal midrails and a single stop chamfered verandah post at the top of the stair. The west verandah has exposed stud framing and is lined with chamfer boards. There are three sets of triple sash windows to the centre with timber doors to each side and an additional timber door near the north enclosure. There are tilting fanlights above all doors. The panel and sheeted French doors to north of the windows are stop chamfered to the interior. Tusk tenon joints to the framing of the windows and doors.</p><br>
<p>The main room has a coved ceiling lined with tongue-and-groove boarding with coved corner mouldings and cornice and exposed timber truss bases. There are winding mechanisms for the tilting fanlights.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Block B of Gladstone Central State School was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Block B is significant historically for its association with the important work of primary school education in Gladstone since the early 1900s,</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Block B has had a special association for generations of Gladstone residents as a place important in their personal histories.</p><br>
<p>Commonwealth Bank Building is a heritage-listed former bank building at 114 Goondoon Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1928 to 1929. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This two-storeyed masonry building was constructed in 1928-29 as banking offices and bank managers residence for the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, and remained the Banks principal Gladstone branch until February 1972.</p><br>
<p>The federal governments Commonwealth Bank Act of 1911 established Australias first bank empowered to conduct both savings and general (trading) bank business, with the security of a federal government guarantee.</p><br>
<p>On 16 September 1912 the Savings Bank Department of the Commonwealth Bank (later the Commonwealth Savings Bank) commenced business in Queensland. The new bank established a main office in Brisbane, and operated branches through the 194 post offices throughout Queensland which had been transferred to the Commonwealth after Federation, and which previously had acted as agencies for the (Queensland) Government Savings Bank (established in 1864 by act of Queensland Parliament). The Gladstone Post Office remained the Commonwealth Bank&#39;s representative in Gladstone until 1921.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland Government Savings Bank had established a regional branch at Gladstone in June 1912 in rented premises on the eastern side of Goondoon Street, between Lord and Yarroon Streets, formerly occupied by the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney. In December 1920 the Queensland Government Savings Bank was absorbed by the Commonwealth Government Savings Bank, following which the Commonwealth Banks Gladstone Post Office agency was closed and all business moved to the former Queensland Government Savings Banks premises in Goondoon Street, opening there on 3 January 1921 as the Commonwealth Bank and providing full commercial and savings bank facilities.</p><br>
<p>By the 1920s Gladstones business heart was shifting south toward the Gladstone railway station, and the Commonwealth Bank decided to erect purpose-designed banking premises closer to the centre of business. In 1927 vacant land in Goondoon Street, between William and Roseberry Streets, was purchased for £700 from J Friend. In 1928 plans were prepared by the Commonwealth Department of Works and Railways for a substantial, two-storeyed "Spanish style" brick building, with ground floor banking chamber and upstairs managers residence. The use of Mediterranean (Spanish) style was in vogue for both domestic and commercial buildings in Australia and overseas at this period, and the Commonwealth Bank, like other financial institutions, was keen to reflect through its buildings a modern, progressive and reliable approach to successful money management. Other popular architectural styles favoured by the Bank at this period were stripped classical and moderne.</p><br>
<p>Tenders were called in September 1928, and the job was let in November to local Gladstone contractor Mr FF Hill, with a tender price of £8,384 and a completion date of 30 April 1929. This was extended to 17 August 1929, and the bank opened for business in September 1929.</p><br>
<p>At the time of completion, the building was described as the finest banking chamber in Gladstone. Entrance to the new branch was through a small colonnade leading to a centrally located doorway into the banking chamber on the ground floor. The managers office was located at the front, and the main counter, which housed three teller boxes, ran across the width of the banking chamber. Behind this were the strong room, staff facilities and store room. The managers three bedroom residence was located on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>During the Second World War the Gladstone branch of the Commonwealth Bank became heavily involved with Commonwealth Bonds and other forms of government fund-raising for the war effort, and was the local agent for the meat and clothing rationing authorities.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1940s and 1950s, the Commonwealth Bank expanded its activities Australia-wide, opening hundreds of branches and agencies to cater for the increase and spread of population accompanying Australia&#39;s great post-war migrant influx, and reflecting the buoyant national economy of the 1950s. In December 1959 the Commonwealth Bank of Australia was restructured and renamed the Commonwealth Banking Corporation.</p><br>
<p>In the 1960s and 1970s Gladstone entered a new period of prosperity with the establishment of an alumina refinery, an alumina smelter, a cement clinker plant, a huge regional power station, and three separate coal loading facilities. As early as 1970, the growth of business through the Commonwealth Banking Corporation&#39;s Gladstone office had increased to over 7,800 savings accounts and 800 cheque accounts, and the existing premises were proving inadequate for the conduct of bank business. In June 1970 a vacant site in Goondoon Street, directly opposite the 1928-29 building, was purchased, and larger bank offices were erected there in 1971-72. The new premises opened in February 1972, and the old premises were sold a month later.</p><br>
<p>Conversion of the upper floor to offices necessitated the removal of most of the original internal partitioning on that floor. In 2015, the building is occupied by the Gladstone office of Santos Limited, an oil and gas company.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank Building in Goondoon Street, Gladstone, is a two-storeyed brick and concrete building with sub-floor, located in what has been the heart of the citys commercial precinct since the 1920s. It is one of Gladstones more substantial interwar commercial buildings, and is designed in a restrained Mediterranean style, with a colonnaded entry porch, arched windows, and a terracotta tiled roof. The plan of the building is typical of 19th and 20th century bank buildings with a banking chamber at ground floor level and a residence for the manager on the second floor level.</p><br>
<p>The building is rectangular in plan, narrower across the street frontage than the depth, and is built up to the street alignment. It has been extended at the rear. It occupies approximately half of the block, with a bitumined carpark at the rear, accessed via a driveway off Goondoon Street along the north side of the building. There are several mature trees along the perimeter of the back yard, possibly related to the period of occupation of the first floor of the building as a bank manager&#39;s residence. The site slopes considerably to the rear (east) and to the south, accommodating a basement level with what was formerly a strongroom.</p><br>
<p>The building has concrete foundations, staircase, verandah floors and strong room. The external and internal walls are rendered brickwork. Internally the floors are timber The terracotta tiled roof is pyramid-shaped, with wide-eaves.</p><br>
<p>The principal facade of the building facing Goondoon Street has a central recessed entrance porch which leads to the banking chamber. A small flight of steps lead to the 3-arched colonnaded porch. Above the entrance porch the first-floor verandah, which mirrored the entrance porch, has been enclosed with glazing panels. Another first floor verandah on the southern side of the building has been enclosed with brickwork and a small row of windows.</p><br>
<p>The symmetry of the street facade has been marred with the conversion of a window to the left of the front entrance into a doorway, to provide street access to the internal staircase leading to the upper floor. The original external side access has been enclosed. Most of the other external openings survive and retain their original joinery.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor, which remains in use as a banking chamber, has undergone refurbishment - including the insertion of a false ceiling and air conditioning ducting. However the space remains substantially intact. The timber counter and teller boxes have been removed, but the fine entrance, manager&#39;s office and rear ancillary rooms remain, and the original function of this space can be understood. There is an internal staircase at the rear southeast corner leading to the basement, which also is accessed externally at ground level from the rear of the building.</p><br>
<p>The first floor is reached via an internal and original timber staircase at the northwest corner of the building, which now is accessed only from the front street. The upper floor has been gutted and refurbished as office space not associated with the bank on the ground floor, hence the alterations to create a separate entrance. There is a set of external timber back stairs leading from the first floor to the back yard, at the original northeast corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>There is a concrete block extension, two-storeyed with sub-floor, at the rear. This has necessitated little alteration to the main building, with the former rear external wall now an internal partition.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Commonwealth Bank Building, Gladstone, erected 1928-29, is important in illustrating the pattern of development of Gladstone as a regional centre. As one of a group of employment-generating public buildings erected in Gladstone during the interwar period, (including the 1932 Post Office, 1934 Town Council Chambers, and 1940-42 Court House), the former Commonwealth Bank Building is significant in illustrating the less negative impact of the interwar economic depression on regional Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed former banking premises remains sufficiently intact to illustrate the quality of interwar Commonwealth public works design; the exterior in particular still demonstrates the intention of the design to impress, and the building remains an integral component of the principal Gladstone streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed former banking premises remains sufficiently intact to illustrate the quality of interwar Commonwealth public works design; the exterior in particular still demonstrates the intention of the design to impress, and the building remains an integral component of the principal Gladstone streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a group, these buildings contributed significantly to the development of a 20th century image for Gladstone, and remain important public landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is significant for its strong association with the work of the Commonwealth Bank in Gladstone over four decades (1929-1972), during which time the town sustained the deepest economic depression of the 20th century, survived the worst global conflict of the 20th century, and finally, entered the greatest period of prosperity since the founding of Gladstone in 1853-54.</p><br>
<p>Fig Tree is a heritage-listed tree at Roseberry Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was planted. It is also known as Heritage Tree. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fig Tree, located on the corner of Roseberry and Auckland Streets, Gladstone, is a mature Ficus benjamina planted by local businessman James Friend in what was at the time, the horse paddock in the grounds of his Roseberry Street home, Elonera House.</p><br>
<p>Gladstone township was established in April 1854. The Friend family, Henry and Mary Ann Friend and their two small sons Harry (Henry junior) aged 3 and James aged 1, were amongst its earliest settlers, arriving in 1855. Henry Friend senior was employed on the construction of Gladstones first water supply. When this work was completed he established a general store in Toolooa Street, at the Barney Point end of town. As settlement gradually focussed further north, on Auckland Creek and the shipping trade, Friend established a shipping and forwarding agency, with his own wharf and warehouse, on the banks of the creek. He was a foundation alderman on Gladstones first municipal council in 1863, and served as Mayor in 1866 and again in 1869-70.</p><br>
<p>In 1875 his sons Henry and James took over the family general merchandising business as H & J Friend, with considerable success. In 1900 they moved from Auckland Creek to Goondoon Street, and in 1939 the business became a limited liability company known as Friends Pty Ltd. In 1954 the company celebrated 97 years of service to Gladstone during the centenary of the establishment of Gladstone in 1854.</p><br>
<p>The Friend family were also involved in the pastoral industry. Henry Friend senior acquired an interest in Diamantina Station and the export of cattle to Asia; and by 1900 Henry junior and James Friend were the proprietors of Springwood Station in the Springsure district. By 1920 their interest in Springwood Station had passed to James Friend&#39;s sons, Herbert and Cyril. The Friends were prominent members of the Gladstone community. Both Henry and James were Justices of the Peace, and Mrs James Friend was secretary of the Gladstone Benevolent Asylum.</p><br>
<p>James Friend married Ellen Matilda Prizeman in 1879. They raised a family of 3 sons and 3 daughters, born between 1880 and 1891. In June 1900 title to a one-acre block of land bounded by Roseberry and Auckland Streets and Oaka Lane, was transferred to Ellen Matilda Friend, wife of James Friend of Gladstone, merchant. On this land James and Ellen erected a substantial two-storeyed residence, Elonera House, facing Roseberry Street near the corner of Oaka Lane. It was one of Gladstone&#39;s finest houses, complemented with a large garden and stables, and a horse paddock at the corner of Roseberry and Auckland streets. It was in this paddock that the fig tree was planted on the Roseberry Street frontage, reputedly by James Friend.</p><br>
<p>In February 1928 title to the property passed to Robert Horner Fletcher, medical practitioner, of Gladstone, who subdivided it into four allotments. Title to the 28.85 perch subdivision at the corner of Roseberry and Auckland Streets, containing the fig tree, was transferred to prominent Gladstone citizen and historian William Robert Golding junior in May 1930. Elonera House was converted into a private hospital called Balcomba in 1931, and into four flats during the Second World War, in response to the housing shortage. It remained flats until 1980 and was demolished soon after.</p><br>
<p>Title to the corner allotment with the fig tree passed to a series of investors in 1980-1981, until in 1982 it was acquired, along with the adjacent subdivisions, by the Queensland Government. Government offices were constructed on the site of Elonera House, at the corner of Roseberry and Oaka Lane. The fig tree remains near the corner of Roseberry and Auckland Streets, adjacent to an open area which is used as a car park. In 1983 the local community was successful in having the tree entered in the National Trust of Queensland&#39;s Register of Significant Trees, and in the early 1990s the fig tree was the focus of public attention when the community rallied to save the tree, which appeared to be in decline. In 1993 the Gladstone Port Authority funded the erection of a sign recording the history of the tree. The tree has been identified in the 1999 Gladstone City Cultural Heritage Places Study as a place of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Roseberry Street Fig Tree is a mature Ficus benjamina (weeping fig) situated in the grounds of the Government Offices in Roseberry Street, Gladstone. It has a height of 12 metres and a canopy spread of approximately 37 metres with a trunk circumference of 660 cm. The tree overhangs the road providing shade for cars parked along the street. Around the base of the tree is a small garden planted with shade loving shrubs which add to the aesthetic value of the place. A modern wooden seat has been placed underneath the deep shade of the tree and near this is located a plaque outlining the history of the tree and its connection to former prominent Gladstone citizens, James Friend and William Robert Golding. The tree dominates the streetscape with its obvious beauty, age and size and it has become a place of rest and conversation for those working in the immediate vicinity.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The fig tree was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 3 December 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Estimated to be over 100 years old, the fig tree at the State Government Centre, Roseberry Street, Gladstone is a familiar landmark in the town of Gladstone, and is linked historically to James Friend, a prominent member of the Gladstone community, who reputedly planted it in his Roseberry Street garden. It is the only surviving remnant of the large garden which surrounded one of Gladstone&#39;s finest residences, Elonera House, erected and demolished.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>It is the only surviving remnant of the large garden which surrounded one of Gladstone&#39;s finest residences, Elonera House, erected and demolished.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The tree is valued by the present community for its streetscape and aesthetic value and is well-known to local residents and business houses, many of whom have contributed newspaper articles and offered support to conserve the tree when it appeared to be in decline in the early 1990s.</p><br>
<p>Hampton Buttes is a small range of mountains or hills in the USA state of Oregon. The range lies mostly in Crook County but extends south and west into Deschutes County in Central Oregon near the unincorporated community of Hampton. USA Route 20, an east–west highway, skirts the range to the south. The upper South Fork Crooked River flows north along the eastern base of the range.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the range is Hampton Butte, elevation 6,352 ft above sea level.</p><br>
<p>The Bureau of Land Management oversees two wilderness study areas (WSA)s at Hampton Buttes. WSAs are public lands under consideration by the USA Congress for wilderness protection. Hampton Butte WSA covers 10,600 acre, while Cougar Well WSA, further south, covers 17,315 acre. The BLM also oversees a rockhounding area at Hampton Buttes that is known for its petrified wood.</p><br>
<p>Gladstone Court House is a heritage-listed courthouse at 16 Yarroon Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Raymond C Nowland and built from 1940 to 1942. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gladstone Court House, a two-storeyed masonry building, was erected in 1940-42. The building was designed in the office of the Queensland Department of Public Works, and replaced an 1873-1874 courthouse and lands office. The 1940s building was at least the third purpose-designed courthouse in Gladstone.</p><br>
<p>Gladstone was established by the New South Wales government in 1853-1854, possibly in an attempt to create a more centralised alternative to Brisbane as the capital of any future northern colony. When Captain Maurice Charles OConnell, first Government Resident and Police Magistrate of the Port Curtis District, arrived in March 1854, the township of Gladstone had been laid out near Auckland Inlet, and the first slab buildings had been erected. OConnell and his family set up residence (initially in tents) at Barney Point, a couple of miles south of Auckland Inlet, and around The Residency there soon developed a small residential settlement.</p><br>
<p>OConnell first conducted court matters from his tent office at Barney Point. Within a few months he had acquired a slab and shingled building on the rise of Auckland Hill - illegally erected by storekeeper Richard Palmer on a crown reserve, prior to OConnells arrival - as Gladstones first court house and public building. About 1860 this building appears to have been replaced with a purpose-designed court house and watch house. This in turn was demolished in 1873-1874 and replaced with a two-storeyed timber building, which accommodated both the courthouse and the lands office. The 1873-1874 building was situated on the present court house reserve, but at the northern end of the block, overlooking Auckland Inlet, and was accessed via a lane from Auckland Street. The building was extended in 1882-1883, and served as the Gladstone Court House until the early 1940s, when it was replaced with a two-storeyed brick building.</p><br>
<p>Site preparation for the brick building, which was to face Yarroon Street and the town rather than the harbour, was carried out in the second half of 1940, and plans for the new Courthouse were prepared by the Queensland Department of Public Works in late 1940 and early 1941. A plan dated December 1940 showing front and rear elevations and ground and first floor plans, was drawn by architect Thomas Robert Gladwin, who had been employed as assistant architect in the architectural office of the Public Works Department since 1924. The design of the building is attributed to Raymond Clare Nowland who was also the designer of Stanthorpe Courthouse (1941) and Charleville Courthouse (1945). All three courthouses are similar in planning, elevational treatment, materials and detailing. These were two-storeyed masonry buildings in stripped-classical style, H-shaped in plan, generally incorporating the courtroom on the upper floor, and government public offices on the ground floor.</p><br>
<p>The new Gladstone Court House was completed in late 1942, at a cost of nearly £16,000. Like the Mackay Courthouse and Charleville court house, it was a combined court house/public offices, providing court facilities (court room, offices for the Judge, police magistrate/warden and police, and rooms for the jury, witnesses and solicitor) as well as offices for the land ranger, forestry officer, stock and dairy inspectors and mining registrar.</p><br>
<p>Alterations to the fabric of the building have been fairly minimal. Between 1966 and 1972, a single-storeyed brick extension, containing staffroom and toilets, was erected at the rear of the building. Some minor internal refurbishment has been undertaken. The former police office on the ground floor has been converted to a small courtroom, but it is unclear at what date - possibly the mid-1970s. This does not appear to have involved the removal of any partition walls. In the early 1980s, a suspended acoustic ceiling was installed in the courtroom and a new judge&#39;s toilet was provided.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Prominently situated on Auckland Hill with the main entrance addressing Yarroon Street, the Gladstone Court House is a two-storeyed brick building with a hipped corrugated iron roof. Designed in a stripped classical style, the red face brickwork contrasts with rendered string courses at floor and window levels. A rendered masonry fence appears to have been designed with the building.</p><br>
<p>The building is H-shaped in plan with the main entrance centrally positioned. A flight of stairs leads to a verandah and portico with two Doric columns supporting an entablature with "COURT HOUSE" in raised lettering. The entrance doorway contains a two-leafed, eight-panelled door with fanlight and architrave. On the southern section of the main elevation a masonry ramp gives access to the verandah. All the windows throughout the building are timber framed with either six or twelve panes. At the rear of the building a single-storeyed extension encloses the space between the wings of the building.</p><br>
<p>Internally the ground floor contains a central corridor with a large general office on the right hand side and a Magistrates Court on the left-hand side. The space occupied by the Magistrates Court was previously an office. An enclosed verandah at the rear of the building gives access to two staircases and the extension which is a lunchroom. On the upper level the main courtroom occupies the cross section of the H with the other two wings containing offices. The courtroom contains all the original court room furniture and has a suspended ceiling with modern light fittings, air conditioning and fans. The purpose-built silky oak courtroom furniture includes a judges bench, witness dock, public gallery, jury benches, tables, benches and chairs. The furniture is sombre and plain with decorative battened panels to the front of the judges bench, sides of jury benches, chair backs and other associated small benches/tables.</p><br>
<p>The design and detailing of the building is robust and both internally and externally it remains intact. It retains most of its original fixtures and finishes including joinery, hardware, plaster ceilings, timber floors and concrete passageways and staircases.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Gladstone Court House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Gladstone Court House, erected in the early 1940s, is important in illustrating the pattern of development of Gladstone as a regional centre. As one of a group of employment-generating public buildings erected in Gladstone during the interwar period, the court house is significant in illustrating a more positive impact of the interwar economic depression on regional Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed brick courthouse remains substantially intact, and is a good example of interwar Queensland public works design. The courtroom is important for its collection of intact purpose-built furniture.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Prominently positioned on the rise of Auckland Hill, Gladstone Court House remains an integral component of the Gladstone townscape, and has landmark status.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a group, these buildings contributed significantly to the development of a 20th century image for Gladstone, and remain important public landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is important for its association with the Department of Public Works and in particular with the work of architect Raymond Clare Nowland.The court house, and the reserve on which it is located, is significant for its strong association with the dispensing of justice in the Port Curtis District since at least the 1870s.</p><br>
<p>Gladstone Post Office is a heritage-listed former post office at 33 Goondoon Street, Gladstone, Gladstone Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1932 by relief workers. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 May 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Gladstone Post Office was erected in 1932 as a purpose-designed post office for the Commonwealth Postmaster-General&#39;s Department, replacing earlier Post and Telegraph Offices on the same site. The 1932 building was at least the third purpose-built post and telegraph offices in Gladstone, and was designed by the office of the Federal Director-General of Works, Canberra. It was one of several important public buildings erected in Gladstone in the interwar years as work creation schemes, including the 1929 Commonwealth Bank Building, the 1934 Town Council Chambers and the Court House. As a group, these buildings contributed significantly to the development of a 20th-century image for Gladstone, and remain important public landmarks.</p><br>
<p>Gladstone was established by the New South Wales colonial government in 1854, possibly in an attempt to create a more centralised alternative to Brisbane as the capital of any future northern colony. The town&#39;s first post office was gazetted on 1 July 1854, opening in premises at the corner of Goondoon and Yarroon Streets (later the site of the Commercial Hotel). In the late 1850s and early 1860s postal services between Gladstone and Gayndah, Maryborough and Rockhampton were established, and to the Calliope Goldfields in 1864. In 1860, the Brisbane-Gladstone postal service came by fortnightly steamer, increased to a weekly service in 1871. On 28 November 1864 the overland telegraph service was opened to Gladstone, linking the town with Brisbane, Rockhampton and the hinterland.</p><br>
<p>In 1869 a substantial brick building was erected on the Customs Reserve at the corner of Lord and Goondoon Streets, Gladstone, as a purpose-designed Post and Telegraph Offices and Customs House, with attached residences for the post master and the telegraph master. For a short time, post, telegraph and customs shared this building before it was designated as Gladstone Customs House.</p><br>
<p>The post and telegraph departments then occupied temporary premises until a large timber building with separate offices and residences for post and telegraph was constructed in 1877-1878. This building was erected in Goondoon Street, at the intersection with Yarroon Street, on a prominent and centrally located site gazetted as a Post and Telegraph Reserve. Total expenditure on building and site by the Queensland government in the period 1877-1900 was £3,014. A telephone trunk line office opened at the Gladstone Post & Telegraph Offices on 20 September 1910, but the exchange was not built until 1911.</p><br>
<p>In 1912, most of Queenslands Post and Telegraph Departments property, including the Gladstone Post and Telegraph Offices, was transferred to the Commonwealth Government.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1920s, the shabby condition of Gladstones Post and Telegraph Offices was an embarrassment to the local community. The Commonwealth Governments District Works Inspector, based at Rockhampton, recommended in 1925 and 1927 that the building did not warrant substantial expense on repairs, and recommended that a brick or concrete structure be erected in its place. Still the Postmaster- General&#39;s Department failed to act. By late 1928 the condition of the Gladstone Post Office had become an election issue, and in 1929, federal MHR for Capricornia, Mr Frank Forde, lobbied on behalf of his constituents for a new post office.</p><br>
<p>Finally, provision was made in the estimates of 1930-1931 for a new brick and tile-roofed building, to cost approximately £5,540. However, by the end of 1930, as world-wide economic depression worsened (with primary-producing Australia particularly vulnerable) this proposal was deferred. The depression deepened, and in November 1931, the Federal Works Director for Queensland, James Orwin, recommended to Canberra that urgently required new post offices at Gladstone, Muttaburra, Hughendon and Isisford be erected under relief scheme funding, using day labour. The proposal was accepted, and work on the Gladstone project commenced almost immediately. Before the end of the year, plans and specifications were being prepared by the office of the Director-General of Works, Canberra. By late January 1932, Mr D Gallogly had been engaged as foreman of works and the Post Office half of the 1870s building had been sold for removal.</p><br>
<p>The new post office was erected on the same reserve as the 1870s building, but with a smaller (66 feet) frontage to Goondoon Street. To enable construction of the new building, the Post Office half and clock tower of the 1870s building were removed first, and the post office temporarily shared facilities with the telegraph office. When the new building was completed, the old Telegraph Offices were removed, leaving a frontage of 64 feet to Goondoon Street for future development.</p><br>
<p>The new post office was a single-storeyed rendered brick building with symmetrically arranged entrance porches on either side of the front elevation. Unlike the earlier Gladstone Post and Telegraph Offices, the new building did not include quarters for the post master or telegraph master. Only 7 of this "twin porch" type of masonry post office were erected in Queensland in the period 1923-1932, but 25 timber post offices of similar design were erected 1923-1939. The masonry post offices of this era illustrate the transition from timber to masonry post offices in Queensland, and from design by the Queensland Works Department to the Commonwealth Works Department. No new timber post offices were erected in Queensland after 1940, and the masonry post offices erected in the period 1941 to 1952 favoured the "porch, parapet and hip" design.</p><br>
<p>The Gladstone Post Office was the only one of the Queensland "twin porch" masonry post offices to include a clock tower, illustrating Gladstone&#39;s role as an important regional centre. The existing clock mechanism, already recycled from Maryborough and dating to at least 1900, was overhauled and used again in the new building. In 1932 the Gladstone Town Council agreed to illuminate, each night until midnight, the faces of the town clock which was to be installed in the new post office.</p><br>
<p>The new post office was opened officially on 23 July 1932, when members of the Gladstone Town Council, Chamber of Commerce and Harbour Board were taken on a tour of the building. At the time, the contribution of Mr FM Forde, MHR, in promoting the construction of this building, was acknowledged.</p><br>
<p>In the second half of the 1940s a two-storeyed rendered-brick Carrier Equipment Building (telephone exchange) was erected on the southern end of the post office reserve, about 20 feet from the post office building and fronting Goondoon Street. This was extended to the rear in 1965-67, linking the exchange with the 1932 post office. Perhaps at this period, and certainly between 1962 and 1976, the post office building was extended on the southern side to accommodate public telephones.</p><br>
<p>By 1976, the post office had undergone a number of modifications, including a large, two-storeyed brick extension to the rear of the post office, necessitating the removal of the rear wall of the 1932 building, and changes to the two public entrances. Internal verandahs had been created along the north and east sides by means of a rearrangement of the internal partitions, accommodating an expanded number of private post boxes. By the mid-1990s, changes in postal handling techniques made the building redundant to Australia Post, and it was sold to private enterprise in 1997. The interior has been gutted since, in preparation for an internal refurbishment as offices, but the principal street facades survive reasonably intact, and the prominently positioned building, along with its clock tower, remains an integral element in the Gladstone townscape.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Gladstone Post Office is a single-storeyed rendered masonry building with a terracotta-tiled hipped roof, prominent clock tower and two-storeyed brick extension at the rear of the building. The building is situated in Goondoon Street, the principal street in Gladstone, and overlooks the harbour.</p><br>
<p>The principal facade of the building is to Goondoon Street with two flat roofed porches either side of a protruding gable. The building is designed in a stripped classical style. The clock tower sits above the gabled-end; it is square in plan, has a four-faced clock and is capped with a pyramidal terracotta roof. Below the clock tower the gable-end elevation has two sets of paired sash timber windows arranged symmetrically. There is evidence in the triangular pediment of the gable of the original signage.</p><br>
<p>The entrance to the twin porches is marked by two simple columns. The northern porch is entered by a flight of steps; aluminium shop fronts and doors give access to the building. The southern porch has been extended along the southern elevation of the building. The extension is rendered masonry, with paired sash windows and a flat metal deck roof. The southern porch has aluminium shop fronts and doors.</p><br>
<p>The northern elevation of the buildings has two sets of timber sash windows symmetrically arranged. The basement level below has three multi-paned timber sash windows.</p><br>
<p>Internally the main Goondoon Street level of the 1932 Post Office is one large open space. The original timber floor is extant, as is some remnant light internal partitioning. The ceiling has been removed as part of the process of refurbishing the building. The back wall of the original building was demolished when the extension was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The two-storeyed face brick rear extension has a flat roof. A concrete stairway leads to the lower level which contains a number of small rooms and connects with the two basement rooms of the 1932 building.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Gladstone Post Office was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 May 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Gladstone Post Office, erected in 1932, is important in illustrating the pattern of development of Gladstone as a regional centre. As one of a group of employment-generating public buildings erected in Gladstone during the interwar period, (including the 1929 Commonwealth Bank Building, the 1934 Town Council Chambers and the Court House), the former Post Office is significant in illustrating a more positive impact of the interwar economic depression on regional Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>As a group, these buildings contributed significantly to the development of a 20th-century image for Gladstone, and remain important public landmarks. The prominently positioned former Post Office with clock tower retains a reasonably intact street exterior, and remains an integral element, with landmark status, in the Gladstone townscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>As a group, these buildings contributed significantly to the development of a 20th-century image for Gladstone, and remain important public landmarks. The prominently positioned former Post Office with clock tower retains a reasonably intact street exterior, and remains an integral element, with landmark status, in the Gladstone townscape.</p><br>
